Myanma Land!

June 18, 2017, 10:38 pm

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LAND

Myanmar is in the midst of rapid economic and social change, with dramatic consequences for land tenure. Under the military regimes that ruled Myanmar since 1962, the state was the main landowner, either directly or (after 1988) via proxy companies. In the current reform process, smallholders are reclaiming their legal land rights at the same time that foreign investment is flooding the country, placing all previous land use arrangements under increasing pressure.

Men and women in Phar Late Wa village in the Ayeyarwady river basin are busy in the paddy fields during harvest time. Photo from Livelihoods and Food Security Trust Fund (LIFT), published 17 May 2016. Copyright LIFT, non-commercial.

Myanmar is the largest country in mainland Southeast Asia, with 70 percent of the population working in agriculture,¹ although arable land makes up a relatively low 19 percent of national territory.² Once the largest rice exporter in Asia, Myanmar experienced a drop in production during the years of military control, and agriculture is now further threatened by environmental change and an influx of land-related investment. Land use varies between the rich rice paddies of the Ayeyarwady Delta, the central Dry Zone, and mountainous areas inhabited by ethnic minorities practicing shifting cultivation (taungya). These latter areas are now the site of numerous land concessions and natural resource extraction projects, leading to new cases of displacement and conflicts.³

Land policy and administration

The Myanmar Constitution (2008) provides for private property rights, while maintaining that the state is the “ultimate owner of all lands and all natural resources” and shall “supervise extraction and utilization of State-owned natural resources by economic forces”.⁴ More than 30 laws govern land management, some of them dating from the 19th century British colonial period.⁵ At least 20 government agencies are involved in land issues, with a complex system of varying structures at both the national (Union) level and provincial (State) levels.⁶ In ethnic minority areas, local governments and military commanders have significant influence over land policy; for instance, the Karen National Union has its own Land Use Policy and registration procedures,⁷ although this is not recognized by the national government.

Subdivision of paddy fields beside main road, Aein Gyi village, Twante, Myanmar. Photo from San Thein, Gret Land Tenure Study Team, published 19 May 2016. Copyright LIFT, non-commercial.

Responsibilities for land management are divided among the Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation for lowland agricultural land, and the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Conservation (MONREC) for upland (forest) lands. Residential land, meanwhile, is managed at the city level. The rapid opening and political transition has led to bureaucratic overload, as the new government has enacted new laws and formed new institutions, including MOECAF established in 2011.⁸ The Vacant, Fallow and Virgin Land Law, Foreign Investment Law, and the Farmland Law, all passed in 2012, were designed to increase investment, encourage large-scale land use and promote agricultural income.⁹ These laws have been criticized for supporting investors’ interests over secure land holdings of smallholder farmers¹⁰ and enabling seizure and re-allocation of land as “vacant” or “fallow” that is actually under cultivation or part of regular crop rotations practiced by taungya farmers.¹¹

In January 2016, Parliament (while still under the control of USDP) approved a new National Land Use Policy (NLUP) following an extensive public consultation process. The new policy aims to harmonize existing laws and guide development of a new land law.¹² The policy assures equitable land access for smallholders and landless people, with consideration of customary tenure and gender equality.¹³ Some civil society and donor agencies have praised the consultation process and pro-poor aspects of the NLUP, while others, including ethnic organizations, critique the policy for favoring investors over community interests.¹⁴ The foremost remaining questions are how the policy will be implemented and how it will be received by related institutions, such as committees overseeing the 2012 laws, in dispute resolution and ensuring accountability.¹⁵ In May 2016, the new National League for Democracy (NLD) government formed a Central Review Committee on Confiscated Farmlands and Other Lands, aiming to address the complex legacy of land confiscation and dispossession.¹⁶

The NLUP consultation process is a reflection of widening political space in Myanmar, including over land issues. Civil society movements have used these spaces for advocacy on land rights issues. Farmers’ associations and other grassroots organizations have emerged in every region of the country.¹⁷ In Yangon, the Land Core Group, formed in 2011 by domestic and international NGOs and concerned individuals, plays a coordinating role among diverse civil society groups.¹⁸

Land classifications

Prior to the political transition, most land in Myanmar was held through a multiplicity of customary or informal tenure arrangements. Deeds were registered in township offices, but fewer than half of the population had documented tenure. Record-keeping and maps were frequently outdated, incomplete and inaccurate.¹⁹ The 2012 Farmland Law marked a turning point for farmers in districts where paddy has been cultivated for generations, providing for the issuance of land use certificates that can be transferred, inherited and mortgaged.²⁰ By the end of 2014, one study conducted by GRET found that 71 percent of sampled landowners in the Ayeyarwady Delta had received titles, as had 80 percent of landowners in the Dry Zone.²¹ However, coverage in other areas is lower. Land concentration is high: 20 percent of rural households control 69 percent of farmland, and the number of large landholdings of 20 hectares or more is increasing. Landless households are estimated to be between 20 and 60 percent in various regions.²²

The chart below shows the total land area of several categories from the Myanmar Statistical Information Service.

The titling process only applies to land classified as “farmland”: Forestland is not eligible and continues to be held through customary tenure rights.²³ Most taungya or grazing land is not mapped or registered. In upland areas, land classification is further complicated by the history of internal conflict between the central government and armed ethnic groups, which has led to many people being repeatedly displaced.²⁴ People living in the uplands thus have less secure access to land than those in the delta and Dry Zone.

Customary practices are officially recognized for the first time in the new National Land Use Policy, which makes repeated mention of customary law and tenure, without clearly defining what is meant by the terms.²⁵ The NLUP also states that “legitimate land tenure rights” recognized by local communities, “shall be recognized, protected and registered in accordance with laws”.²⁶ This language is spurring interest in community mapping and documentation efforts, a process facilitated by the availability of specialized mapping software, such as FAO’s open source mobile application, Open Tenure.²⁷

In the process of developing the NLUP, the government has benefited from technical support and advice from UNHABITAT’s Land Administration and Management Program (LAMP) and the multi-donor fund known as LIFT. Other main donors to land governance include USAID and the Swiss Agency for Development and Cooperation (SDC).²⁸ Since 2015, SDC has funded the Center for Development and Environment of Bern University and the Land Core Group to launch the OneMap project, an open-access spatial data platform on land issues.²⁹

Land transfer and public land lease

The Central Committee for the Management of Vacant, Fallow, and Virgin Land (CCVFV), established in 2012, is responsible for reallocating “vacant” or “fallow” land to domestic and foreign investors for periods from 30 to 70 years. Another committee, the Myanmar Investment Commission (MIC), is also tasked with granting land to foreign investors.³⁰ These laws take a British colonial precedent, the 1894 Land Acquisition Act allowing for state appropriation of “waste land” for a “public purpose”, and re-present it in the current context of economic opening and investment promotion.³¹ As much as 20 percent of all land in Myanmar has been approved for land concessions, with five million hectares (or about 7.5 percent of all land) awarded to foreign and joint venture investors.³²

Source: Myanmar Information Management Unit. Created by ODI June 2016. Licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0. Explore the data.

The highest profile examples of land investment are three Special Economic Zones (SEZs), funded by Japanese, Thai, and Chinese companies respectively.³³ Although only the first of these has opened, the NLD government has pledged to continue supporting the zones. External reports note that SEZs face risks from local opposition, ongoing ethno-religious tensions and environmental concerns.³⁴ Such controversies also apply to investments in large-scale resource development projects such as oil and gas pipelines, mines and hydropower dams. Much of the investment in resource extraction is wholly or partially from state-owned enterprises from other countries in East and Southeast Asia.³⁵

Thilawa Terminal Yangon. Photo by Harry and Rowena Kennedy, Flickr, taken 13 February 2015. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

Foreign investment in the agricultural sector is low compared to manufacturing and mining. Land allocated to large-scale agricultural concessions increased by 170 percent from 2010-13, but only one-fifth of that land had been planted.³⁶ Chinese investors, in particular, have acquired land for rubber and other agribusinesses in previously isolated border and ethnic regions.³⁷

Although laws provide for notification, appeal processes, and compensation, these procedures are not followed in many cases of land transfer. As a result, communities find themselves excluded and even charged with trespassing on land they have used for generations.³⁸ Smallholders, particularly those living in conflict areas, are facing insecure land tenure resulting from the effects of centralized land use planning, poor inter-ministry coordination, as well as encroachment from land transfer to investors.

Another widespread cause for communities’ exclusion from agricultural and forest land is Myanmar’s immense landmine problem. At least five million people living in 56 townships (out of 330 nationwide) are affected by mines, mainly near the Thai border.³⁹ Limited technical surveys of contaminated areas have been conducted by international agencies, but no land clearance or release to date.⁴⁰

Land dispute resolution

The reform period in Myanmar has witnessed a rise in land conflicts, linked to past and recent land acquisitions by the military, the government and their business allies. A parliamentary committee set up in 2012 received about 17,000 complaints about land disputes up to November 2015.⁴¹ The increased visibility of land issues reflects new political freedoms and relaxation of media censorship, as well as the persistence of entrenched interests in the economy and politics, particularly in upland and border areas.⁴² Some cases of conflict around large-scale projects are still ongoing, such as the Hat Gyi dam on the Salween River in Karen State and the Lapadaung copper mine in Sagaing Region.

Myanmar’s burgeoning civil society has encouraged some smallholders to take land cases to court.⁴³ Judicial oversight of dispute resolution, however, remains limited by law.⁴⁴ Private negotiation, supported by public advocacy campaigns and appeals for political intervention, have proved more effective than litigation. There is also a growing interest in, and support for, legal education for farmers and grassroots movement-building. The same forces of change that are accelerating land transfers and disputes are also contributing to social efforts to address their effects.

Ref:https://opendevelopmentmyanmar.net/topics/land/

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Myanmar Agriculture and fishing!

June 18, 2017, 10:56 pm

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Agriculture and fishing

Farmlands in Burma. Photo by Rijstvelden, taken on 7 October 2006. Licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0

Agriculture is the mainstay of the Myanmar’s economy, contributing 37.8 percent of gross domestic product (GDP) in 2010, down from 47 percent in 2005/2006. Agriculture, which includes crops, livestock, fisheries and forestry, accounts for just over 52 percent of the working population aged 15 years and over.¹

It also accounts for between 25 and 30 percent of exports in 2013. Agricultural exports dropped to 26 percent in 2008, reflecting the devastation of the rice and other crops by Cyclone Nargis. In 2009, agricultural exports accounted for 28 percent of total exports.²

It is estimated that the annual income per agricultural worker in Myanmar was US$ 194 in 2012 compared to US$ 6,680 in Malaysia and US$ 706 in Thailand.³

Agricultural policy
The government places a high priority on the agriculture sector, especially the food crop sub-sector, relying on it to be an engine of inclusive economic growth. In 2003, the government ended production quotas and opened up the export market to the private sector. Innovative measures have been taken to promote increased agricultural production, designed to improve rural livelihoods.

Land and water use of the Myanmar’s total landmass of about is around 68 million hectares, of which land and water use accounts for around about 12 million hectares or 18 percent, with about 12 million hectares are cropped currently. Some 5.7 million hectares is considered cultivable but is currently unused. Forest cover accounts for 48 percent of the total land mass. The 2003 Myanmar Agricultural Census showed that there were about 3.46 million farm families, cultivating about 8.7 million hectares of land. ⁴

There are several ministries involved in agriculture, natural resources and rural development. The Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development was tasked with the overall planning and development of all national economic sectors, including the agriculture sector with its crop, livestock, fishery and forestry sub-sectors. The Ministry of Agriculture and Irrigation (MoAI) is responsible for overall development of the crop sub-sector.

The government has introduced significant political and economic reforms since 2011. Among these, the Farmland Law and Foreign Investment Law address issues fundamental to development.⁵Under the Farmland Law, once the owners have registered their land, they have the right to sell, pawn, lease, exchange, donate, and/or enter into a joint venture.

Although the law pleased the farmers whose lands were not confiscated, it did not benefit those whose lands were seized during the military regime, triggering farmers’ protests in many parts of the country.

In November 2011, the government launched the National Strategy on Rural Development and Poverty Alleviation, a policy focusing on the agriculture production, livestock and fisheries production, rural productivity and cottage industry, micro savings and credit enterprises, rural cooperatives, rural /socio economy, rural renewable energy and environmental conservation areas.

Crops and commodities

Rice is the most important agricultural commodity of Myanmar as a staple food, and production has increased from 18 million tons in 1995 to over 22 million tons in 2010. Myanmar was once Asia’s largest exporter of rice and Other main crops include beans, sesame, groundnuts, pulses, sugarcane and lumber.⁶ Low agricultural productivity is the result of multiple factors, many of which are associated with the under supply of quality agricultural public goods. A decrease in labor availability can be driven by rising wages outside of agriculture.

According to the statistics from the Customs Department, up to January 28 in 2016 , maritime exports of Myanmar rice reached 66,393 tons, just over 7 percent of total export, while border trade accounts for 840,804 tons, which forms the rest of total export at almost 93 percent. Despite the government’s target for lifting production to two million tons of milled rice for export by 2015 and four million tons by 2020, actual rice export has reached only about 1.3 million tons in 2012/13.⁷

Myanmar exported 1.54 million metric tons of beans and pulses in 2015, up 25 percent from the same period last year 7. According to the Ministry of Commerce, approximately 80 percent of Myanmar’s total bean and pulse exports in 2015 were shipped to India.

Natural disasters

Myanmar’s agriculture is heavily dependent on the monsoon rains. While some areas suffer from too much rain, other regions receive too little. Floods occur regularly during the mid-monsoon season (June to August) in areas traversed by rivers and large streams. Climate change phenomena have been cited as the reason for late and lower rainfall, longer dry spells and increased temperatures. Myanmar was affected by the Indian Ocean tsunami in 2004, Cyclone Nargis in 2008 and Cyclone Giri in 2010, events which all had a major impact on national agricultural output.⁸

Fishing and fisheries

Fish is an essential part of the Myanmar diet, second only to rice. Fishing occurs in both salt and freshwater, and an estimated 300 species live in Myanmar’s freshwater ecosystem. Fisheries may be classified into various categories: marine, coastal, river, inland and aquaculture.⁹

The total production of fish and shellfish in 2013 was 4.7 million tons (MT), 47 percent of freshwater and 53 percent of the sea. Capture fisheries contributed 3.06 million tons and aquaculture 0.78 million tons¹⁰. The fishery and aquaculture sector provided direct employment to 3.16 million people, with 22 percent of this figure in full-time work and the remaining 88 percent in part-time and occasional employment. Fisheries exports were valued at USD 497 million in 2010.¹¹

China is the largest importer of Myanmar’s fisheries products, particularly marine fisheries, based on Chinese consumers’ preference for saltwater fish species and shrimp, rather than the freshwater fish species traditionally farmed and caught in Myanmar. Myanmar exported between 5 and 10 percent of its production to the EU in 2010. ¹²

Fishing, fisheries and aquaculture

Local fish market in Ayeyarwady delta, Photo by Jharendu Pant, Flickr, taken 27 November 2012. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0.

Myanmar’s fishery sector has been the fourth largest contributor to the national gross domestic product (GDP), and the fourth largest source of foreign exchange earnings in the past five years. As the majority of the households in Myanmar live along the four main rivers and in delta regions, the freshwater fish from the inland capture fisheries forms a mainstay of both daily diet and trade. Households generally prefer to consume freshwater fish over marine fish, while the national average annual consumption of fish and fish products is 55 kg per capita. A survey conducted by the UNited Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization in 2006 found that fish accounts for about 22 percent of protein intake of Myanmar households.¹

Fishery Production

Myanmar’s total production of fish and shellfish in 2013 was 4.7 million tonnes (MT), with 47 percent of that freshwater varieties and 53 percent from the sea. Based on Department of Fisheries (DOF) statistics, fishery production in Myanmar increased from 4,478.21 thousand MT in 2012 to 5,047.53 thousand MT in 2014.

Inland and marine fisheries make up nearly 80 percent of Myanmar’s fish production at 4.1 million tonnes, and remain a key contributor to the national fish supply. Aquaculture has grown significantly in the past decade, and has now accounts for 22 percent of annual fish production, producing 950,000 tonnes in 2015, according to government statistics reported to FAO. ²

Based on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), world fisheries production in 2012 was at 158 million MT. Marine capture fisheries accounted for 50 percent of the global production or 79.7 million MT. About 76.2 percent of the production came from 18 countries with China as the top producer.³

Fisher’s harbour of Sittwe. Photo by dany13, Flickr, taken 15 March 2012. Licensed under CC BY 2.0.

Myanmar was the tenth highest producer of marine capture fisheries in 2012. Between 2003 and 2012, marine catch in Myanmar increased by 121 percent which was the highest among the 18 major producing countries.⁴

The Marine Capture Fisheries is focused on Myeik Township (Tanintharyi Region) and Yangon, which are the key production and marketing hubs of marine capture fisheries.⁵

According to the Ministry of Commerce, total border trade between Myeik and Thailand in 2012-13 was valued at US$ 125 million with seafood as one of the major export products. It is estimated that about 70 percent to 75 percent of the total fisheries production in Myeik was sold via the Myeik – Thailand border trade in 2013.⁶

Export Market

IIn 2013, Myanmar exported a total of 345,000 MT of fish and fishery products to 32 countries with a total value of US$ 536.27 million. Exported volume was about 7 percent of the total 2013 fishery production, with the majority of export sales occurring via border trade for the regional market.⁷

China is the biggest buyer of Myanmar fish in terms of export value. Myanmar’s export volume to China increased by 48 percent between the period 2009 and 2013.

In 2009, the European Union banned all Myanmar seafood imports. Imports of seafood were re-approved in 2010, while farmed products remain prohibited. Myanmar exports to the EU increased in 2013 amounting to €223 million, with fisheries products accounting for 8 percent of this total.⁸

Agriculture

Myanmar has historically been an agrarian society, meaning that agriculture the agriculture sector accounts for the majority of the country’s economic output. The 2003 Myanmar Agricultural Census showed that there were about 3.46 million farm families, cultivating about 8.7 million hectares of land.¹The estimated annual income per agricultural worker in Myanmar was US$ 194 in 2012 compared to US$ 6,680 in Malaysia and US$ 706 in Thailand.²

Myanmar’s farming systems are increasingly diversified. Most farms produce paddy rice during the monsoon season, mainly due to high humidity, which is better suited to wet rice production than cultivation of Myanmar’s other main cash crops. These are usually produced the cool and dry seasons, and include , mainly beans and pulses, oilseeds, and maize.³

Rice

Rice is the most important agricultural commodity of Myanmar and produced over 27 million tons in 2013.¹Monsoon paddy is the main crop for both small and large farms in Myanmar.⁴

Most farms produce paddy during the monsoon season, mainly due to high humidity, which makes it difficult to produce other crops during this time. Myanmar sends 70 percent its rice exports to China, but most of these shipments are not authorized by China’s government.⁵

Chinese border authorities tightened controls over the import of agricultural products from Myanmar in 2016, including rice, maize, sugar and beans, with a great impact on the rice trade between the two countries. Rice exports through the Muse border gate had fallen from 5000 tons a day to under 1000 tons in October 2016.

Exporting paddy, as opposed to processed rice, would require a change in Myanmar regulation, as the government has typically restricted exports to rice.⁶

Other crops

Other main crops include beans, sesame, groundnuts, pulses, sugarcane and lumber. The most widely planted beans and pulses in Myanmar are chickpeas, black gram, and green gram. Myanmar is the world’s second largest exporter of beans and pulses after Canada, and the customers include India, United Arab Emirates, Thailand, Bangladesh, and China. In 2014, the export value of beans and pulses was $835 million, larger than the export value of rice, estimated at roughly $630 million..⁷

Agriculture’s place in a shifting economy

Agriculture composed 37.8 percent of Myanmar’s GDP in 2011, down from 47 percent in 2005/2006. It also declined from 57 percent in 2001 to 36 percent in 2010.⁸In contrast, the share of GDP accounted for by the industrial sector more than doubled, to 26 percent in the same period, reflecting natural gas, oil, mineral, and gemstone exploitation. Liberalization of the economy and opening up to foreign direct investment (FDI) has contributed to the rapid growth of the industrial sector.⁹

There has also been an observable decline in agricultural output over the course of the last century. Before World War II, Myanmar’s rice exports amounted to 3.177 million tons (1936-40) while in 1961/62, Myanmar exported 1.676 million tons. Rice exports continued to decline from 1.52 million tons in 1962/63 to 0.3 million tons in 1987/88, and then again to 50,000 tons in 1988/89.¹⁰

According to the statistics from the Ministry of Commerce, this trend continues. Rice exports from April to September l2015 were valued at US$168 million, compared to only $122 million during the same period this year (2016).¹¹

Low agricultural productivity is the result of multiple factors, many of which are associated with the undersupply of quality agricultural public goods. A decrease in labor availability can be driven by rising wages in economic sectors outside of agriculture. Changes in the cost of working capital (interest rate) largely reflect macroeconomic developments rather than agriculture sector performance. Land prices fluctuate, responding to the changes in demand from industry or urban development.¹²

These are all examples of conditions which can create pressure on activities in the sector, potentially driving laborers to seek other kinds of work, and putting farm owners out of business.

Another influencing factor has occurred with the influence of foreign direct investment since the opening of Myanmar’s economy to international economic actors. Very little of the influx of foreign capital has contributed to supporting agriculture, with more than 70 percent of foreign investment was directed at the extraction of natural resources such as oil, gas and mining, but only one percent to agricultural enterprises. ¹³

Agricultural activities have attracted some investment from foreign entities, however. In recent years, China, Thailand, South Korea and Japan have invested in agriculture in Myanmar. China has invested in the plantations of sugarcane and fruit, while Thailand has invested in vegetable and fruit plantations throughout the country.¹⁴

Ref:https://opendevelopmentmyanmar.net/topics/agriculture/

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Myanmar Labor!

June 18, 2017, 11:15 pm

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The rapid growth of a young adult population in Myanmar will affect the socio economic development plan of the country. Investment in skills development, employment and livelihood opportunities is necessary to cater for the growing and the emerging youth bulge to create favorable conditions for a demographic dividend in Myanmar.

Myanmar worker carrying a basket. Photo by International Labour Organization, Flickr taken on May 2013. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 2.0

The country’s labor force participation rate—the percentage of employed people older than 15 years— was 63.4 percent in 2014, with almost double the percentage of men to women, with 81.7 versus 47.1 percent respectively. According to the census figures, 3.9 percent of the labor force were actively seeking but could not find work. The union unemployment rate for men and women were similar, at 4 percent and 4.2 percent respectively.⁷

The proportion of employed people by occupation was highest in the “Skilled Agriculture, Forestry and Fishery Workers” category at 42.9 percent. The second-largest employment categories are “Elementary occupation” with 16 percent, followed by “Service and sales worker” at 13 percent. “Craft and related trade workers” was also high, employing 11.7 percent of employed people.⁸

The chart below shows the labor force participation rate and unemployment rate from 2014 Census.

Labor laws

Myanmar’s labor protection is formed by a patchwork of many different labor laws, many of which were enacted between the 1920s and 1950s. As with many other laws introduced by the British colonial administration, most of the labor laws from colonial period have survived and been effective until recently.In recent years, the government has made an effort to update the national labor laws and provide stronger protections for the local workforce.⁹

For example, the Workers’ Compensation Act of 1923 was amended in 2005, and the Trade Union Act of 1926 was reformed in 2012. The Trade Union Act was one of the first laws to be repealed after the political reform in 2011 together with the Trade Disputes Act of 1929, which were respectively replaced by the Labor Organization Law in 2011, and the Settlement of Labor Dispute Law in 2012. The payment of Wages Act of 1936 is still in effect.¹⁰

Myanmar does not have a work permit system in place for the employment of foreign workers. Foreign nationals who need to reside and work in Myanmar for long periods of time must obtain both a Stay Permit and a special re-entry visa, which are readily available for employees of companies that hold an investment permit from the Myanmar Investment Commission.¹¹

Child Labor

The estimated number of children in Myanmar was 12.146 million, with about 10.5 percent of this number working, totalling 1.279 million working children. Of these, 52.9 percent (676,208) were boys and 47.1 percent (602,701) were girls.The definition of working children in the 2014 Myanmar census is as follows: those whom during the past seven days have been engaged for one hour or more, on a full-time or part-time basis, paid or unpaid, in the production of goods and services that have a market value.

In Myanmar, over 77 percent of children between 5 and 17 years are attending school, This privilege does not extend to the majority of children in the labor force, with only 0.3 percent of working children being able to attend school, according to the statistics from the International Labor Organization (ILO).

The ILO defines hazardous occupations for children as “work that is physically, psychologically, socially or morally dangerous and harmful to children, including long and heavy hours of work.”

Embed

According to the statistics from the International Labor Organization (ILO), 40 percent of children in hazardous workplaces were in environments contaminated by dust and fumes, while 16.3 percent were working with dangerous tools. A further 11.2 percent of children were exposed to extreme cold or heat in their working environment, 9.8 percent were exposed to dangerous chemicals and 9 percent were exposed to other workplace hazards.

Read more about illegal labor in Myanmar.

Health and safety

Myanmar became a member of the ILO in 1948, and has received their financial and technical assistance to improve occupational safety & health (OSH) since then. However, the ILO’s national profile on Myanmar’s OSH framework found that existing laws, acts, rules & regulations relating on occupational safety & health (OSH) are not up-to-date, do not cover all workplace hazards, and many had not been amended yet.¹²

On 22 November 2015, a major landslide in Hpakant, Kachin State, northern Myanmar killed at least 116 people near several jade mines, more than 100 others were missing. That is the fourth time a massive landslide occurred at a jade mine in Kachin State in recent times. Many of those were people who made their living searching on or near the waste dumps, in the hope of finding piece of jade to sell.¹³

The chart below shows the monthly wages by gender, urgan/rural and sector according to a survey by International Labour Organization.

Wages

A new minimum wage law, passed in March 2013, replaced the 1949 Minimum Wage Act. The new minimum wage is not announced yet by November 2013, though the Ministry of Labor in 2012 set up as temporal minimum wage 56,000 kyat (US$65) per month after serious disputes in garment factories.

According to the ILO statistics, for all employees, the average wage per day was 4,760 Kyats and for the daily wagers 4,280 Kyats. It is much higher in urban areas than rural areas. Similarly males get higher wages than females. The service sector has the highest wage rates.¹⁴

Migration

The 2014 Census shows that 53 percent of all people who moved from their previous place of usual residence within Myanmar were female. The main reason for movement for both sexes was “following family” and “employment/seeking employment.” Females were more likely to follow family (49%) than males (32%); and males migrated more for reasons of employment (47%) than females (23%).¹⁵

25 per cent of the persons changed their place of residence due to employment purposes. Employment purpose here refers to in search of employment or business opportunities; to take up new employment or start a new business; and job transfer. 53 per cent of people changed their usual place of residence due to the movement of their family. The third important reason was marriage. Most of the people moved to Yangon for employment purposes.¹⁶

According to the census data, there are approximately 2 million former household members living outside of Myanmar. Of these, about 1.2 million are male, representing 61 percent of the total population are reported to be living out of the country. About 70 percent of those living outside Myanmar were reported to be living in Thailand, while 15 percent were in Malaysia. The census shows that out of the approximately 2 million people reported to be living abroad, about 1.7 million are between the ages of 15 and 39 (83 percent) and up to 1.1 million in this age bracket are male.¹⁷

Illegal Labor

A lack of legitimate job opportunities in Myanmar has contributed to a shadow economy of informal or illegal labor, operating both within and outside the country’s national borders. Informal labor is prevalent in a range of economic sectors and affects a broad spectrum of demographics.

Human Trafficking

Migrant workers, mainly from Myanmar and Cambodia, are the main workforce for Thailand’s fishing industry. Photo by International Labour Organization, taken on February 4, 2015. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0.

Traditionally working in border regions, where the government’s oversight is limited, human trafficking networks in Myanmar now extend to the country’s major cities.

Although Myanmar people are trafficked to other Asian countries, such as China, Bangladesh, Malaysia, Korea and Macau, the primary destination is Thailand. Approximately 600,000 Burmese migrants are registered to work in Thailand, but many more are there illegally.¹

Many people are trafficked to Thailand to work in agriculture, fishing, construction, factories, domestic work and the sex industry. Local traffickers use deceptive tactics to recruit men into forced labor on palm oil and rubber plantations or in jade and precious stone mines.²

Women and girls are primarily subjected to sex trafficking, domestic servitude, or forced labor in garment manufacturing. Trafficking groups typically lure or force women and children into sex work, primarily in Thailand and China.5 Children are subjected to sex trafficking or to forced labor in teashops, the agricultural and construction sector, and in begging, at times through debt bondage. Both children and adults are subjected to forced domestic servitude. ³

A global index on modern slavery stated that some 30 million people are enslaved worldwide and 384,000 people are enslaved in Myanmar.⁴ Modern slavery is when one person possesses or controls another person in such a way as to significantly deprive that person of their individual liberty, with the intention of exploiting that person through their use, profit, transfer or disposal.⁵ Myanmar enacted the Anti-Human Trafficking law in September 2005. According to official statistics, the government exposed 1,168 cases between 2006 and April 2015, rescuing more than 2,000 victims and arresting 2,106 traffickers. ⁶

Child Labor

Burmese boy making pottery. Photo by International Labour Organization, taken on October 17, 2013. Licensed under CC BY-NC-ND 3.0.

Child labor is widespread problem throughout Myanmar. Many of the children are recruited by agents and employed in tea shops or as restaurant attendants, street vendors, manual labor, waste collectors or beggars, in food processing and light manufacturing industries, and on farms in rural areas.⁷

The estimated number of children in Myanmar was 12.146 million in 2014, with about 10.5 percent of this number working, totalling 1.279 million working children. The definition of working children in the 2014 Myanmar census is: “those whom during the past seven days have been engaged for one hour or more, on a full-time or part-time basis, paid or unpaid, in the production of goods and services that have a market value.”⁸

According to the statistics from the International Labor Organization (ILO), 40 percent of children in hazardous workplaces were in environments contaminated by dust and fumes, while 16.5 percent were working with dangerous tools. A further 11.2 percent of children were exposed to extreme cold or heat in their working environment, 9.8 percent were exposed to dangerous chemicals and 9 percent were exposed to other workplace hazards.⁹

Commercial Sex Labor

There are an estimated 70,000 sex workers in Myanmar. About 8 percent of them are living with HIV, reported The Myanmar Times.¹¹

Sex workers in Myanmar are mainly women, but homosexual and heterosexual men also provide sexual services. Child prostitution involves young girls and an increasing number of boys.

In many cases, brokers promising high-paying jobs lure women to distant foreign cities. The brokers regularly charge the women for transportation, food and other costs of living, in exchange for helping the women find work. In some cases, brokers trick women into becoming prostitutes, promising high-paying jobs without informing women of the actual work.¹²

In Myanmar the Suppression of Prostitution Act of 1949 stipulates that the act of soliciting or seducing in public is illegal, with offenders facing one to three years of imprisonment. The punishment is aimed solely at the sex workers and clients are not punished under the law.¹³

In addition to laws against prostitution, Myanmar has laws protecting minors and specifically prohibiting child prostitution. However, these laws are not enforced and many women under the age of 18 work as prostitutes.

^{Ref:https://opendevelopmentmyanmar.net/topics/labor/}

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Myanmar

June 19, 2017, 3:51 am

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Myanmar Data

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LH Signs MOA to Build Korea-Myanmar Economic Cooperation Industrial Complex

June 20, 2017, 7:27 am

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SEOUL,KOREA

19 June 2017 - 12:30pm

Jung Min-hee

The Korea Land & Housing Corporation (LH) announced that it has signed a memorandum of agreement (MOA) to build a Korea-Myanmar Economic Cooperation Industrial Complex with the Myanmar’s Ministry of Construction at the Kensington Hotel in Jeju Island on June 16.

The industrial complex with a floor space of 2.37 million square meters will be located 10 kilometers north of Yangon City, the biggest city in Myanmar with a population of 6 million people. It is adjacent to the nation’s only freeway connecting Yangon, Naypyidaw, the capital, and Mandalay, the second largest city, and is 30 minutes away from the airport and an hour away from ports.

The project started after the Korea-Myanmar economic cooperation joint committee agreed on the need of extension of trade between the two countries and of the industrial complex to help Korean companies push into Myanmar at the first meeting in June 2013. LH and Myanmar’s Ministry of Construction signed a memorandum of understanding (MOU) in September 2015 to jointly develop the industrial complex and the Myanmar government approved LH’s letter of intent of business project in January 2016 and the MOA in May 2017.

With the latest MOA, the Myanmar government will contribute the land to a new joint venture as the investment in kind and install external infrastructure such as access roads, electricity and water, to strengthen the price competitiveness of the industrial complex.

LH President Park Sang-woo said, “Making use of LH’s experiences in developing industrial complexes, we will help domestic companies enter the Myanmar market and promote economic cooperation between Korea and Myanmar.”

Meanwhile, LH hosted a smart city briefing session and smart city exhibition at the 2017 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB) annual meeting held at the Jeju International Convention Center from June 16 to 18. At the smart city exhibition hall, visitors could view Korea’s history of urban development and experience solution walls and virtual reality (VR) rooms which enable to indirectly experience future smart city’s life and advanced smart technologies including smart water, smart recycling, smart energy and smart transportation.

Ref:http://businesskorea.co.kr/english/news/industry/18388-building-industrial-complex-myanmar-lh-signs-moa-build-korea-myanmar-economic

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How Risky Is Oversea-Chinese Banking Corp Limited Stock?

June 21, 2017, 12:29 am

≫ Next: OCBC Bank stock price crashed to six year low

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Chong Ser Jing | August 30, 2016 |

Oversea-Chinese Banking Corp Limited (SGX: O39) is one of Southeast Asia’s largest banks with total assets of nearly S$400 billion at the moment. It is also one of the largest stocks in Singapore’s market with its market capitalisation of S$35.9 billion.

Given these traits, it’s likely that OCBC is a well-known bank and company amongst investors. But, just how risky might the bank be?

An analysis of banking stocks is a hairy operation and there are many (emphasis on the word) variables to look at. But, some big picture ratios can still give us a rough gauge of how much risk investors might be taking with a bank stock. These ratios are the leverage ratio, the loans-to-deposits ratio, the efficiency ratio, and the price-to-book ratio.

The leverage ratio

The leverage ratio is simply a bank’s total assets divided by its shareholders’ equity. In this area, the lower it is, the better. Here’s how the math works. A bank with a leverage ratio of 20 would see its equity wiped out if its assets decline in value by 5%. But, a bank with a leverage ratio of just 10 can see its assets fall by up to 10% before it becomes insolvent (or bankrupt).

In OCBC’s case, its current financials (for the second-quarter of 2016) show that it has S$395.7 billion of assets and shareholder’s equity of S$35.78 billion. This gives rise to a leverage ratio of 11. Here’s how the bank’s leverage ratio has changed since 2007:

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence

A starting point of 2007 was chosen because that was the year before the Great Financial Crisis really blew up (in 2008). OCBC had performed admirably during the crisis. Its net profit in 2009 was only 8% lower than in 2007. As the crisis erupted, many Western banks collapsed or were teetering on the edge of failure.

So, a look at how OCBC’s leverage ratio had evolved over time can give me clues on whether the bank’s risk profile has changed – if the ratio has not changed much since the days of the financial crisis, I would think that the bank’s riskiness has not been greatly altered since those terrifying times for the global economy. This applies to the loan-to-deposit ratio and efficiency ratio too.

As the table above shows, OCBC’s leverage ratio has not changed much from 2007 to day.

The loans-to-deposits ratio

Whereas the leverage ratio gives us an idea of the solvency risks for a bank, the loans-to-deposits ratio paints a picture of the liquidity risks sitting in a bank. Again, the lower the ratio is, the better it could be.

A bank’s basic business model is this: It borrows money (mainly by taking in deposits) and lends that capital out to businesses or individuals. But, this gives rise to liquidity risks. Here’s how professors Charles Calomiris and Stephen Haber describe it in their book, Fragile By Design:

“[It] is extraordinarily difficult, if not impossible, for bankers to exactly match the durations of their contracts with depositors and debtors. Bank deposits can typically be withdrawn on very short notice, but the loans financed by those deposits may extend for months, years, or even decades.
In fact, bankers face the risk that, even if their banks are not insolvent, worried depositors might show up en masse to withdraw their money, and there might not be enough cash in the till to satisfy all those withdrawal demands.”

As of the second-quarter of 2016, OCBC’s loans-to-deposits ratio is at 82.2%. The following table illustrates how the ratio has looked like since 2007:

Source: OCBC’s earnings releases

We can see that OCBC’s loans-to-deposits ratio has not changed much in the past few years and from the financial crisis era.

The efficiency ratio

This ratio measures a bank’s non-interest expenses as a percentage of its revenue. In OCBC’s financial statements, it is reported as the cost to income ratio. As with the previous two ratios, what we’re looking for is a low efficiency ratio.

The importance of the efficiency ratio is the insight it can give investors on how much risk a bank is more or less forced to take. Banking is a very competitive business. A bank with looser cost controls would find it hard to compete with more efficient peers. To make up for this deficiency, less-efficient banks would have to engage in riskier banking activity to make money.

OCBC reported a cost to income ratio of 45.5% in the second-quarter of 2016. You can see in the table below how this ratio has increased since 2007:

Source: OCBC’s annual reports

The bank has appeared to be a little less efficient than before and investors might want to keep a close watch on OCBC’s cost controls.

The price-to-book ratio

Lastly, we have the price-to-book ratio. This ratio tells us nothing much about a bank’s business performance, unlike the previous three ratios. Instead, it’s a valuation metric that tells investors how much they are paying per dollar of a bank’s net assets (where net assets equals to assets minus liabilities). In here, it’s again the lower, the better.

If an investor buys a bank with a high price-to-book ratio, he would lower his odds of success. At OCBC’s current share price of S$8.60, it has a price-to-book ratio of 1.05 with its latest book value per share of S$8.19.

You can see how the bank’s valuation has changed over the past five years:

OCBC's price-to-book ratio over last five years

Source: S&P Global Market Intelligence

The key takeaway with this metric is that OCBC’s current valuation is actually near a five-year low and this helps lower the risks for investors.

A Foolish summary

So, to wrap it all up, OCBC’s risk profile in terms of its business has not changed much since 2007. Meanwhile, the bank’s valuation is currently near the lowest it has been in the past five years.

Given all these, I would think that OCBC is not a particularly risky stock for investors. But, this does not mean that OCBC would go on to be a great investment. Besides, as I had already mentioned, there are plenty of other factors to investigate when it comes to a bank.

Ref;https://www.fool.sg/2016/08/30/how-risky-is-oversea-chinese-banking-corp-limited-stock/

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OCBC Bank stock price crashed to six year low

June 21, 2017, 12:35 am

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sgwealthbuilder January 25, 2016

OCBC will be releasing its full year financial results on 17 February 2016. However, based on its 3Q results in October last year, the Net Asset Value for each OCBC’s share was $7.78, slightly above today’s closing price. It is still premature to assess whether OCBC is an undervalued stock because the latest data has not been released. But given the current weak market sentiments, the stock price is expected to slide further.

SG Wealth Builder

The non-performing assets (NPAs) were S$1.93 billion as at 30 September 2015, up 41% from S$1.37 billion a year ago. The year-on-year increase in NPAs was largely attributed to the classification of a few large corporate accounts associated with the oil and gas services sector. Thus it is evident that the downturn in the oil and gas services industry has a big impact on the bank. Given that 2016 has witnessed a massive correction in oil price, it is expected that OCBC will be hit as well.

OCBC is one of my favorite stocks because of its long history in Singapore and also the fact that the bank also owns Great Eastern Holdings, the largest insurance group in Singapore and Malaysia in terms of assets and market share. Its agency force in Singapore and Malaysia is about 20,000-strong. This asset provides OCBC Bank with an almost impenetrable investment moats because having Great Eastern as it’s subsidiary allows more coordinated initiatives in sales management and product development through bancassurance partnership.

In my view, it is unlikely that OCBC will trade at the level of $4.14 again, even with the onslaught of a massive stock market crashes. This is because the banking industry has evolved and moved on from the previous crisis. Notwithstanding this, in the stock market, never say never. Thus, my entry-level for OCBC will be $6.00 and I will exit at $9.50.

The current bear market provides a window of opportunities to buy blue chips at a reasonable level but investors should make sure to diversify their portfolio to include hard assets like bullion. Despite the massive declines across global stock markets, gold prices has surged 4% since the start of 2016, thus cementing its status as a tested insurance policy for investors’ portfolio. In Singapore, you can purchase gold and silver from leading dealers like BullionStar, which offers bullion at competitive prices.

Join me in my investment journey and read my financial adventures for free! Through the sharing, my vision is improve and change people’s lives. In school, we don’t learn how to budget, manage our finances, build wealth and invest our money. Instead, we are taught useless subjects which we would never put to use most of the times during our working lives.

Yet, managing our money is an important life skill that is critical to our survival in the society. Many people start to realize how it is importance of managing money only when they face the prospect of financial ruins, by then which would be too late for remedies. Thus, I started this blog to share articles on finances which I aspire to make a positive impact in others’ lives.

Ref;http://sgwealthbuilder.com/2016/01/ocbc-bank-stock-price-crashed-to-six-year-low/

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Are you concerned that Singapore will be caught in China Economic downturm!

June 21, 2017, 12:47 am

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Singapore banks to face massive crisis this year: Swiss billionaire

SINGAPORE - A Swiss billionaire investor has warned that major Singapore banks are at risk of being caught in the headwinds of China's economic downturn.

According to the Singapore Business Review (SBR), Mr Felix Zulauf, president and owner of Switzerland-based hedge fund Zulauf Asset Management, said that Singapore's biggest banks, DBS, OCBC and UOB, would be vulnerable to massive capital outflows if the Chinese economy experiences a hard landing, which he expects to happen this year.

"China in today's cycle is what US housing was during the financial crisis in 2008," he said, adding that continued capital outflows would prompt regulators to devalue the yuan by 15 to 20 per cent.

He predicted that the situation would deteriorate into a banking crisis across the region that would hit Singapore and Hong Kong particularly hard.

Mr Zulauf explained that Singapore will be extremely exposed because it has attracted a high volume of foreign capital over the years.

"Singapore's banking-sector loans have grown dramatically in the past five or six years. Singapore is now losing capital, which means the banking industry is losing deposits," he said.

Open gallery

Recently, a number banks in Singapore, including Barclays and Standard Chartered, have annouced job cuts as part of cost-cutting measures, with Barclays Singapore laying off 100 staff in January.

Singapore banks also closed 2015 with their share prices down 15-20 per cent from the start of the year, The Business Times reported.

In his recent Chinese New Year message, Prime Minister Lee Hsien Loong said that the Government is closely monitoring the uncertain economic situation, although he did not expect a severe downturn of 2008 proportions.

A number of analysts also disagreed with Mr Zulauf's view, saying that Singapore's biggest banks would be able to withstand severe shocks.

Mr Jonathan Koh, an equity analyst at UOB Kay Hian, told SBR: "We couldn't reconcile Mr Zulauf's observations with official industry statistic released by the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS). Contrary to Mr Zulauf's views, our three local banks are well capitalised."

In its most recent Financial Stability Review, MAS pointed out that Singapore's banking system remains resilient amid an uncertain external environment.

"Banks have strong capital and liqudity buffers to withstand severe shocks, but continued vigilance is warranted," the central bank added.

seanyap@sph.com.sg

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News of banking crisis greatly exaggerated

June 21, 2017, 12:52 am

≫ Next: LOCAL GOVERNMENT, BUREAUCRACY, CRONIES AND CORRUPTION IN MYANMAR

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Feb 24, 2016, 5:00 am SGT

S'pore banking system resilient, banks have strong deposit base, are transparent about exposures

The news out of the banking sector has not been good of late - wage cuts, retrenchments, shuttering of certain businesses, falling share prices.

One shocker of a recent headline even had a Swiss fund manager predict that a massive banking crisis would hit Singapore's shores.

The gloomy news flow comes amid a backdrop of plunging oil prices, a slowing Chinese economy and turbulent financial markets. These have triggered restructuring exercises involving thousands of worldwide job cuts and billions of dollars of capital-raising at global banks.

Indeed it is fair for anyone to wonder whether Singapore's banking sector is in real trouble.

THE RISKS AHEAD

In its latest Financial Stability Review released in November last year, the Monetary Authority of Singapore (MAS) warned that pockets of risks are emerging amid slowing growth and rising interest rates.

"The credit cycle has begun to turn, with external and domestic loan growth moderating alongside slowing economic growth," the MAS said. "This poses risks to Singapore's banking system. Asset quality remains healthy, but there are signs of increased credit risks, for example, a slight uptick in non-performing and special mention loans."

Furthermore, the MAS added, corporate earnings in Singapore have weakened over the past year amid an uncertain operating environment. While corporate balance sheets remain healthy overall, highly leveraged firms in certain sectors could be vulnerable if interest rates rise or earnings weaken further. Firms with foreign currency exposures could also face increased foreign currency mismatch risks should currency market volatility persist.

The latest fourth-quarter financial results of the three local banks - DBS Group, United Overseas Bank and OCBC Bank - show that the sharp fall in oil prices has already had an impact. OCBC, for example, said its non-performing loans (NPLs) rose 54 per cent to $1.97 billion last year, with all net new NPLs coming from oil and gas customers. Chief executive Samuel Tsien added at a results briefing last week that about 47 per cent of the bank's $12.4 billion oil and gas portfolio is under stress.

UOB's non-performing loans rose 22 per cent to $2.9 billion as of December, with the transport, storage and communications sector recording the highest amount of non-performing loans at $977 million. Oil and gas loans are classified under this category,

The banks acknowledged that if oil prices stay low for much longer, their loan books will feel even more pain. DBS chief executive Piyush Gupta, for example, said that if oil prices stayed at US$20 for the next two years, its oil and gas loans will com

Since the 2008 financial crisis, Singapore's three lenders have ramped up their regional presence, making them that much more exposed to external headwinds. Major downturns in markets where they are active, such as Indonesia and Malaysia, whose economies have been affected by slumping commodity prices and slowing trade with China, will put more pressure on their loan books. The slowing of the Chinese economy could also affect the banks' loans to clients there.

So far, there has not been much damage yet. At DBS and OCBC, China NPL ratios are lower than their overall ratios, and all three say that bad debts in Greater China will likely be manageable as most of their exposure in the market is to state-owned enterprises and top-tier banks.

That might come as cold comfort to those who read the dire warning from Swiss hedge fund manager Felix Zulauf that the Chinese economy will suffer a hard landing, triggering a banking crisis here. Singapore's banking sector has attracted a high volume of foreign capital over the years, but this capital will rush out if the Chinese economy slows sharply, he said.

But while bankers and analysts here acknowledge there are risks, they are sceptical things could get that bad. Speaking at DBS' results briefing on Monday, Mr Gupta said the banking sector is not facing a crisis like the kind that ensued after investment banking giant Lehman Brothers collapsed in 2008.

"Not withstanding what you might hear from hedge fund managers from Switzerland, Singapore is not a basket case." After all, he noted, Singapore is one of few economies in the world with the top sovereign credit rating from all three ratings agencies, it continues to hold massive amounts of foreign currency reserves and it has maintained a current account surplus for the past decade.

This current account surplus means that Singapore has long been a capital exporter anyway, noted Bank of America Merrill Lynch economist Chua Hak Bin, so capital outflows are nothing new. "Capital is flowing out to be invested overseas, by Temasek Holdings, GIC and also individuals. There's always capital outflow, which is a function of Singapore's high savings."

Deloitte South-east Asia financial services industry leader, Mr Ho Kok Yong, noted that banks here maintain capital ratios well above the levels required by the Basel III global capital standards. "This, coupled with our robust regulatory framework and strong macro-prudential measures, definitely helps to minimise risks arising from the headwinds to come," he added.

BIG THREE IN GOOD SHAPE

Although the local banks warned that worsening economic conditions will likely cause further deterioration in asset quality, they also showcased strong balance sheets, cushioned by thick capital bases.

What is also reassuring is that they have been open and transparent about how vulnerable their portfolios are. All three, for example, revealed their loan exposures to the oil and gas industry.

Analysts remain relatively upbeat about the outlook for the banks. Moody's Investors Service analyst Eugene Tarzimanov said: "Some balance sheet metrics , like asset quality and profitability, will see some deterioration this year, but those are just two pillars of banking. We expect stability in the other pillars - capital, funding and liquidity. So even if you have NPLs going up and profitability going down, you have to take into context the broader strength that Singapore's banks have."

That stability in funding and liquidity comes from the strong deposit bases that the three local lenders enjoy domestically, Mr Tarzimanov added.

Another factor working in favour of Singapore's three local lenders is the fact that they have fewer legacy issues to resolve, unlike many big global players.

Many of these international banks expanded rapidly into emerging markets such as Asia and the Middle East over the past decade, only to find that they have over-extended themselves, and now have to make major cutbacks as business conditions have dramatically worsened. Standard Chartered said in November it would axe 15,000 jobs and raise US$5.1 billion (S$7 billion) after posting a shock quarterly loss.

Barclays last month shut its securities operations across Asia. Deutsche Bank unveiled in October a plan to exit from 10 countries and cut 9,000 jobs as part of a sweeping overhaul.

The list goes on.

Inevitably, these strategic clean-ups have affected the Singapore operations of such banks and will likely continue to do so.

Foreign banks operating here depend more on funding from financial markets and from their parents in Europe or the United States than on local deposits. If markets are volatile, as they have been for several months now, or if their headquarters are tightening their belts, that could mean tighter liquidity and funding conditions for the Singapore operations of foreign banks.

As gloomy as that all sounds, the situation is not catastrophic for Singapore.

"We should not overstretch the extent of the problem. Foreign banks such as HSBC, Citi and Standard Chartered, are part of global banking groups. Even if they are scaling down, they still see Singapore as a core market and we don't think they would retract materially from Singapore," said Mr Tarzimanov of Moody's.

The MAS' own assessment is that "Singapore's banking system remains resilient amid an uncertain external environment". Banks have strong capital and liquidity buffers to withstand severe shocks but "continued vigilance is warranted", it said in its Financial Stability Review.

Most households and companies will still be able to service their debt payments even as interest rates climb or corporate earnings decline, it added.

No doubt, there is little to cheer about in the global economy and the end of the tunnel is still miles away. For banks - and their corporate clients across most industries - things will get worse from here.

If it's any consolation, the deterioration will not happen all at once, and the local banks are facing the headwinds to come from a position of relative strength.

It is not time to panic just yet, but it is a good time to start paying closer attention to banks' financial results.

Ref:http://www.straitstimes.com/opinion/news-of-banking-crisis-greatly-exaggerated

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LOCAL GOVERNMENT, BUREAUCRACY, CRONIES AND CORRUPTION IN MYANMAR

June 21, 2017, 7:34 am

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LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND NGOs IN MYANMAR

Villages are linked by various agencies in a hierarchy that stretches from the village to the Prime Minister’s offices. The village has an elected headman and he is the link between the bureaucracy and the military regime’s party. There are agencies of the central government that have contact with villagers but mostly it is the military and its political wing that exert control on local government. Disputes are generally settled on the local level. Many government institutions face shortages of skilled civil servants. And many government buildings lack basic infrastructure, such as computers.

Hong Sar Channaibanya, a Burmese-born Australian, wrote: “There is little involvement for government in Burma in family issues. There is only a small non government sector in Burma and religious organisations fill some of the gap this leaves in Burmese society. The community welfare sector is weak and the government has no budget to fund such a sector. A few charity associations led by monks and devotees have addressed community problems for many years. The community maintains social harmony through festivals and spiritual blessings either at home or at the temples. Meditation courses are widely open to all public and Buddhist’s monks play a key role in building community harmony. Religion and faith are core aspects of daily life in Burma.” [Source: Hong Sar Channaibanya, Canberra, Australia May 2010]

Relying on NGOs for Health Care in Myanmar

Lucile Andre of AFP wrote, “Starved of funds and medicine during decades of military rule, doctors at a clinic in Yangon offer their usual advice to one of Myanmar's newest HIV patients -- come back when you're sicker. In a country with one of Southeast Asia's biggest armies but a healthcare system in tatters, scarce antiretroviral drugs are given only to those with the advanced form of the illness. "If I don't get the treatment, I'm worried the disease will get worse," a 47-year-old farmer told AFP at the clinic run by charity Medecins Sans Frontieres (Doctors Without Borders) after she was diagnosed with the virus. [Source: Lucile Andre, AFP, May 26, 2012 :::]

"Patients are upset, it is difficult to tell them... but we cannot refer them anywhere, the government doesn't have it (medicine) either," said Soe Yadanar, one of four doctors at the clinic in a poor Yangon neighbourhood, which has more than 2,000 registered patients."We tell them they can come back later. But they know the situation in Myanmar," she added. :::

“Under the junta NGOs were banned from public hospitals and in effect ran a parallel health service, but now they are calling for closer cooperation with the government to extend the reach of healthcare. "We need to start thinking about a long-term health system where we can all work together," argues de Groote.

In the meantime, many among Myanmar's impoverished population will continue to rely on foreign NGOs for help. Mying Maung Maung, a 37-year-old carpenter, says he had to turn to MSF when he needed treatment for tuberculosis and HIV.After several years of antiretroviral treatment, the father-of-four stopped responding to the medicine, in part because he did not stick to the strict timetable of taking his dose. "I don't have a watch, I had to find clocks... but they always have a different time," he said. :::

Charity and Buddhism in Myanmar

Giving charity to children or the needy according to Myanmar law is only acceptable through the established social welfare organizations and associations. Individual charity by the road side in public is not allowed but is widely practiced.

Buddhism emphasizes ideals of wisdom and compassion and sometimes gives as much weight to thoughts as actions. The Buddhist equivalent of the Golden Rule is that “all we are is the result of what we have thought.” There is a great emphasis on generosity and the giving of alms. Concepts such confession, forgiveness and restitution that are normally associated with Christianity are also emphasized in Buddhism.

Buddhists are taught to practice nonviolence, do good deeds, present gifts to monks, aspire to have gentle thoughts, meditate, and have respect for the sanctity of life. Mahayana Buddhists have debated the merits of charity. Scholars are clearly in agreement that charity is beneficial to the giver but how helpful and useful it is to the recipient is not such a clear cut matter. Some argue charity is merely a means for the well-off to relieve themselves of guilt and duty by giving a few scraps to the poor that ultimately humiliates them.

The great Tibetan saint Milarepa was once asked by his disciples “if they could engage in worldly duties, in a small way, for the benefit of others.” Milarepa replied: “If there be not the least self-interest attached to such duties, it is permissible. But such detachment is indeed rare; and works performed for the good of others seldom succeed, if not wholly freed from self-interest...One should not be over-anxious and hasty in setting out to serve others before onself has realized the Truth in its fullness; to do so, would be like the blind leading the blind....Til the opportunity come, I exhort each of you to attain Buddhahood for the good of all living beings.”

Doctors Without Borders Expelled from Myanmar

In February 2014, Doctors Without Borders was expelled from Myanmar. Margie Mason of Associated Press wrote: “Doctors Without Borders said it has been expelled from Myanmar and that tens of thousands of lives are at risk. The decision came after the humanitarian group reported it treated nearly two dozen Rohingya Muslim victims of communal violence in Rakhine state, which the government has denied. The humanitarian group said it was "deeply shocked" by Myanmar's decision to expel it after two decades of work in the country. "Today for the first time in MSF's history of operations in the country, HIV/AIDS clinics in Rakhine, Shan and Kachin states, as well as Yangon division, were closed and patients were unable to receive the treatment they needed," the Doctors Without Borders said in a statement. [Source: Margie Mason, Associated Press, February 28, 2014]

The United States said it was very concerned and urged the government to continue to provide "unfettered" access for humanitarian agencies. As Myanmar's main provider of HIV drugs, supplying treatment to 30,000 people, the group described the impact as devastating. Myanmar's presidential spokesman Ye Htut had criticized Doctors Without Borders in the Myanmar Freedom newspaper for hiring "Bengalis," the term the government uses for the Rohingya Muslim minority, and lacked transparency in its work. He also accused the group of misleading the world about an attack last month in the remote northern part of Rakhine. The United Nations says more than 40 Rohingya may have been killed, but the government has vehemently denied allegations that a Buddhist mob rampaged through a village, killing women and children. It says one policeman was killed by Rohingya and no other violence occurred. Doctors Without Borders said it treated 22 injured and traumatized Rohingya.

Since the violence erupted in June 2012, Doctors Without Borders has worked in 15 camps for the displaced people in Rakhine state. For many of the sickest patients, the organization offers the best and sometimes only care, because traveling outside the camps for treatment in local Buddhist-run hospitals can be dangerous and expensive. The aid group has worked to help smooth the referral process for emergency transport from some camps.

Due to increasing threats and intimidation from a group of Rakhine Buddhists who have been holding near daily protests against Doctors Without Borders, the organization has said its activities have been severely hampered and that it has not received enough government support. "We urge the government to continue to work with the international community to provide humanitarian assistance to communities in need and to unsure unfettered access for humanitarian agencies," U.S. State Department spokeswoman Jen Psaki told reporters in Washington.

NGO and Charity Activism in Myanmar

In August 2009, the Washington Post reported: “Call it the evolutionary school of revolution. After years of brutally suppressed street protests, many Burmese have adopted a new strategy that they say takes advantage of small political openings to push for greater freedoms. They are distributing aid, teaching courses on civic engagement and quietly learning to govern."We are trying to mobilize people by changing their thought process," said an entrepreneur in the city of Mandalay who is setting up classes on leadership. He added half in jest, "Civil society is a guerrilla movement." [Source: Washington Post, August 24, 2009 ||||]

“A"community-based organizations," finding outlets for entrepreneurship and room to maneuver politically in a country with one of the world's most repressive governments. At first light on a recent Sunday, a dozen doctors piled into two old vans, stopped for a hearty breakfast of fish stew and sticky rice, then headed out to dispatch free medicine and consult villagers an hour outside Rangoon. The group first came together to care for demonstrators beaten by security forces during monk-led protests in 2007 and joined countless Burmese in collecting emergency supplies for survivors when Tropical Cyclone Nargis hit in May 2008, killing an estimated 140,000 people. ||||

“Like many of those ad hoc groups, the doctors have since developed an informal nonprofit organization, meeting regularly and volunteering at an orphanage and in villages near Rangoon. The group's leader secured funding from a foreign nonprofit agency and named his team "Volunteers for the Vulnerable," or V4V. But to avoid having their activities labeled as activism, the leader negotiates weekly with the authorities for access to the villages under cover of an anodyne Burmese fixture -- the abbot of a local Buddhist monastery. For their own safety, the V4V founder said, "not even all our members know the name of the group." ||||

"There is still room to change at the small scale," said an AIDS activist, sipping juice in a teashop. "Many people say civil society is dead. But it never dies. Sometimes it takes different forms, under pretext of religion, under pretext of medicine." Some members of the groups reject any political motive in their activities, describing them as purely humanitarian. But others say that in Burma the two are intrinsically linked. ||||

"At every meeting of nonprofits, the solution is always, in the end, political," said a Rangoon scholar who works with a foreign development organization. The scholar is associated with a loose circle of influential academics, writers, negotiators between the junta and restive ethnic minorities, and businessmen at home and abroad who share a goal of finding a way through the political impasse. "It's not that we oppose the NLD, but at least we take advantage of the opening space. . . . The NLD can't set a course. We have to find an alternative," said the scholar, who served 15 years in prison for writing about human rights.” ||||

Learning about Community-Based Activism in Myanmar

The Washington Post reported: “A 32-year-old writer, whose father was involved in dissident politics, said his life was transformed after he took a three-month course at a Rangoon nonprofit agency called Myanmar Egress, which runs classes for Burmese interested in development. Like many of the people interviewed for this story, he spoke on condition of anonymity for fear of retribution. He then quit his job at a business journal to freelance opinion columns under a pseudonym and has co-founded a nonprofit with other Egress alumni.[Source: Washington Post, August 24, 2009 ||||]

"I came to realize my daily life is being involved in politics, in the political economy," he said, a resolve triggered by the scenes of poverty he witnessed along his daily commute on a creaking, overcrowded bus through Rangoon. "My belief is that without political knowledge . . . people will just go around town and get shot. I am doing what I can as an educator and a journalist." ||||

“Many people in Rangoon expressed feeling a similar sense of duty as they have watched their military rulers decimate the education system and deepen poverty through mismanagement of the economy. In the past 50 years, Burma has fallen from among the richest countries in Asia to the bottom of regional development rankings. "In Burma, the middle class is very thin," said a 38-year-old graphic designer who in 2004 helped found an undercover nonprofit group that recruits potential political leaders. "We need to grow, strengthen that. Most democratic countries have a broader middle class. It is the only way to go forward." Such groups have also allowed urbanites to network in ways previously inconceivable. ||||

“On a recent afternoon, students crowded into a musty hotel conference room for a three-hour lecture on civil society sponsored by Myanmar Egress. Ten minutes before the class was to begin, barely a seat was vacant and still the students poured in, laughing, chatting or rifling through notes that curled at the edges in the damp heat. "They have a thirst for knowledge. They want to know. . . . They don't even take a break," said a 28-year-old Egress teacher, observing the 105 young adults from the back of the room. "This place is quite free, the only place we can talk about these things." ||||

Bureaucracy in Myanmar

For decades Myanmar has been under the control of centralized bureaucracy run by the army and its mass organization. Even though many reforms and changes have taken place in recent years this apparatus is still largely in place.

The cabinet is appointed by the president and confirmed by the parliament. The junta had a cabinet but it had now power to make key policy decisions. The majority of ministry and cabinet posts are held by military officers, with the exceptions being the Ministry of Health, the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Labour, and the Ministry of National Planning and Economic Development, posts which are held by civilians.

There are a total of 32 ministries in the Myanmar bureaucracy. The information ministry oversees local and foreign media and the film industry, and has supervised the approval of visas for foreign correspondents.

Citizens and permanent residents are required to carry government-issued National Registration Cards (NRCs), also known as Citizenship Scrutiny Cards, which permit holders to access services and prove citizenship. These identification cards often indicate religious affiliation and ethnicity. There appeared to be no consistent criteria governing whether a person’s religion was indicated on the card. Citizens also are required to indicate their religion on certain official application forms for documents such as passports, although passports themselves do not indicate the bearer’s religion. Members of many ethnic and religious minorities, particularly Muslims, faced problems obtaining NRCs. [Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights and Labor International Religious Freedom Report for 2011]

Bureaucracy in Myanmar’s New Capital

All of the Myanmar government’s 32 ministries, along with other government organizations, were suddenly moved to the new capital of Naypyidaw in 2005. Only central government employees aged 57 and older and local government officials were not required to relocate to the new seat of government.

Alan Sipress wrote in the Washington Post: “Military trucks rumble up in front of Rangoon's ministries several times a week and workers lug ancient desks, chairs and filing cabinets to the waiting vehicles. The convoys depart at daybreak on a 12-hour journey along roads badly rutted and pocked, then return for another load. Distraught civil servants, among the thousands scheduled to relocate, have wept in front of foreign officials. Some government employees have asked to quit, including many at the Irrigation Ministry who tried to resign en masse, but have been told that is forbidden, according to their family members. [Source: Alan Sipress, Washington Post, December 28, 2005 <<]

Senior Burmese ministers were given just two days' notice of the relocation. On hearing the news about the move, one government worker told Reuters.“We couldn’t believe our ears. The room fell completely silent. Some of us were close to tears.” He and his colleagues were given a few hours to gather some food and belongings before being loaded onto Chinese-made trucks. “We left at 6:37am sharp. It was a very long convoy, as long as they eye could see.” He said the timing seems to have been chosen by astrologers. He said when they arrived at the mosquito infested capital, the buildings were half finished. “We had to sleep on the floor and others slept on tables.” According to the Washington Post In one ministry building, about 90 people slept on the floor. Higher-ranking officials camped out atop desks and tables. There were few signs of the schools, hospitals, shopping mall and luxury hotels the government has promised.

There are 40 buildings for each ministry–each which can accommodate 500 people. Anuj Chopra wrote in U.S. News & World Report, “The Stalinist feel of the new capital is heightened by the behemoth statues of bygone Burmese kings and the monumental scale of the buildings, which include government offices, diplomatic quarters with blue and yellow metal roofs, a parliamentary building, and a large military complex with luxurious mansions, an area out of bounds for anyone not in uniform. [Source: Anuj Chopra, U.S. News & World Report, October 12, 2007]

Kenneth Denby wrote in The Times: “The city hall has high white walls and curving tiled roofs, like the palace of Ming the Merciless. North of here are the identical ministry buildings. The one I entered had manual typewriters instead of computers and the silvery-blue glass at the front was already showing cracks. [Source: Kenneth Denby, The Times, October 16, 2007 ^]

Civil Servants in Myanmar

Myanmar is thought to have from 1 million to 2 million public servants, including 400,000 military soldiers and officials in local governments.

Low salaries invite corruption. Naoji Shibata wrote in the Asahi Shimbun, “The monthly salary of a government bureau chief is a low 15,000 kyat ($15). Among the lower ranks, wages don't even amount to 10,000 kyat. On the other hand, a driver for a private company earns about 100,000 kyat a month. In Yangon, officials have survived by taking side jobs. Some officials supplement their incomes with bribes. Together, the side jobs and under-the-table income could total several times more than the government salaries. [Source: Naoji Shibata, Asahi Shimbun, December 28, 2005 <<]

Wouldn't it make sense to quit the government job, and remain in Yangon? By law, government officials cannot resign without permission--which is not often granted. One brave man, an Industry Ministry official, quit to take a job with a foreign company. In retaliation, the government has refused to issue his passport or official papers.

See Corruption.

Budget in Myanmar

Budget: revenues: $2.234 billion; expenditures: $4.414 billion (2012 est.). Debt: external: $6.967 billion (2005 est.). Taxes and other revenues: 4.1 percent of GDP (2012 est.), country comparison to the world: 215. Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-): -4 percent of GDP (2012 est.), country comparison to the world: 137 . [Source: CIA World Factbook]

Corporate tax rate: reduced from 30 percent to 25 percent in 2012, , compared to 17 percent in Singapore and 35.6 percent in Japan. [Source: Yomiuri Shimbun]

Only a sliver of Myanmar's budget goes to healthcare, education. Myanmar spends five times more on the military than it does on education and health care combined. In a country where nearly 90 percent of the population lives at or near the poverty line, the junta, obsessed with safeguarding its own interests, spends 40 percent of the budget on the upkeep of its 450,000-strong Army—the biggest army in Southeast Asia. [Source: Anuj Chopra, U.S. News &World Report, October 12, 2007 ++]

Corruption in Myanmar

Myanmar has a high level of corruption. It ranks 178th out of 180 countries worldwide according to Transparency International, which publishes its own Corruption Perceptions Index. Richard Paddock wrote in Los Angeles Times, “Corruption has reportedly invaded nearly every aspect of commerce. At the post office, people mailing a letter tip the clerk so she will mark the stamp instead of peeling it off and selling it. At hospitals, patients pay orderlies so they can see a doctor. "Even if blood is pumping from your artery, unless you tip the gurney operator, you will die on the stretcher," a diplomat said.” [Source: Richard Paddock, Los Angeles Times, June 18, 2005 *]

Doing business in Myanmar requires "tea money" as the generals call it. "Yes, they're getting a piece of the pie, and some are hungrier than others," an American consultant in Yangon told the Los Angeles Times. "But these guys are children compared to the politicians in Thailand. Here, you can get what you want for one set fee. It's agreed upon and honored. these guys actually have the interests of the country at heart."

Corruption is common throughout the state education system; good exam results can be acquired with money and influence. Consequently, state-accredited education has lost much of its credibility in society. Ordinary citizen generally have to pay off government official if they want anything done. One shop owner had to make a $2,000 donation to get the street in front of his shop paved. Ordinary citizens have pay bribes to get a car permit. Aid money from Japan has been spent on VCRs and satellite dishes for government employees.

Hannah Beech wrote in Time: Myanmar “military leaders are enjoying ever more ostentatious lives, their wallets fattened by gas-pipeline deals with neighbors China, India and Thailand. A samizdat video circulating in Rangoon shows junta chief Than Shwe's daughter getting married in a lavish ceremony. The couple reportedly received millions of dollars in wedding gifts--in a nation where the average annual per capita income is just $225. More appalling, the junta spent hundreds of millions of dollars in 2005 to build a brand-new capital city. Yet today Naypyidaw is an eerie landscape of broad, empty streets framed by behemoth government ministries. [Source: Hannah Beech, Time, September 17, 2007]

Myanmar Military and Business

The military has a stake in nearly all the profitable enterprises in Myanmar. For Burmese to get a job they must a good friend or relative "with the rank of sergeant or above." Hundreds of state-owned companies and private firms are controlled by senior military generals. Cross-border business deals must be approved by the military. The generals often take bribes. They have been involved in border casino businesses.

To do business on a high level you need to make a deal with a general. On the lower level you have pay a 5 percent commission to a uniformed officer. A British firm advised businesses to "align yourself with individual members” of the military regime. A Burmese businessman told National Geographic, " Go day by day. What is true today could be false tomorrow. Do not look forward or back. Accept the risks. Accept the way things are or go crazy. Then you ca make big money." [Source: Joel Swerdlow, National Geographic, July 1995]

In the 1990s, the generals reduced red tape and made the licensing process easier for local and foreign businesses they favored. They were especially accommodating after sanctions were imposed. One son of a hotel owner told Newsweek, "If they like you, they'll give you so many facilities. If they don't like you, they'll send you to jail.”

Fighting Corruption in Myanmar

In early 2012, Myanmar President Thein Sein said The government aimed to cut the poverty rate from 26 percent to 16 percent by 2015 and use "all means possible" to fight graft, which he said was one of the biggest threats to the country's progress. [Source: Aung Hla Tun, Reuters, March 1, 2012]

Preap Kol, executive director of the Cambodian Chapter for Transparency International, said: What do you think of Burma being more corrupt than Cambodia and now being one of the “sexiest” country for international donors? The Burmese transition to democracy is very attractive and there is more investment. It is just like Cambodia in the 90s. The difference is however that in the 90s, Cambodia focused on rehabilitation and humanitarian aid. Money was pouring in. It is only in the last decade that the relief assistance declined in favor of promoting human rights and governance. In Burma, the context is different as respect for human rights is a condition for the foreign investments. The country will have to develop scrutiny and make sure the money benefits people. Foreign investments have their own laws about not paying bribes. I hope these donors and investors can learn from the experience they have had in Cambodia.”Getting to the root of corruption. [Source: Clothilde Le Coz, Asian Correspondent, December 21, 2012]

Cronies in Myanmar

Simon Denyer wrote in the Washington Post, “A new English word has entered colloquial Burmese, a word that could not even be uttered in public until recently. The word is “crony,” and it describes the business elite who exploited their closeness to the country’s military rulers to amass vast wealth in the past two decades. These well-connected elite made their money in industries such as construction, rubber and logging, as well as in arms dealing and drug smuggling. Their gains have only increased in the past two years, a result of changes that have privatized many state-owned assets and enterprises — and allowed the rich to buy them up at bargain prices. [Source: Simon Denyer, Washington Post, March 26, 2013>>]

“Burma’s business elite have been investing some of their wealth by erecting hotels and office buildings in Rangoon and other cities. But outside these gleaming new buildings, cycle rickshaws still ply the streets, and there are few signs of a more general boom. Small-business owners and shopkeepers say consumer demand remains tepid. The business elite, say critics such as Zaw Aung, a former political prisoner who is a research fellow at Thailand’s Chulalongkorn University, have the power to crush potential competitors, corner the benefits of Burma’s reform process and prevent a new, more diverse middle class from emerging. >>

Aung Zaw wrote in The Irrawaddy, “Indeed, there are many questions that need to be asked. Can cronies become builders of industry and national economic power? How can they contribute back to society by building philanthropic foundations and provide life-long assistance to society? Many showy tycoons and cronies in Burma are not interested in helping society. In fact, critics have charged that contributions from cronies are tiny compared to the money they spend on their posh Italian sports cars.” At same time some “cronies have quietly supported Suu Kyi and the opposition movement and donated to the Burmese community. [Source: Aung Zaw, The Irrawaddy, January 28, 2013 ////]

“Sean Turnell, an expert on Burma’s economy at Macquarie University in Sydney, Australia, thinks the cronies are destructive and resistant to reform. “I think the majority are cronies of the destructive sort—but some might turn out for the better.” “They are rent-seekers pure and simple rather than builders of genuine enterprise,” he added. “[They are] living off government regulatory largesse, the recipients of monopoly and quasi-monopoly profits and so on. As such, they are political animals as much as economic ones. But certainly there are some too who may emerge as something else. On this front, I guess we have to hope so, since they are amongst the few with sufficient capital to do transformative things, if this is what their desire is.” ////

Jill Drew wrote in the Washington Post, “"All they know is stealing," seethed one taxi driver as he took a passenger on a circuitous route to the airport, slowing in front of the house of Tay Za, the owner of a local airline who is close to Senior Gen. Than Shwe, leader of the junta. The villa had an open garage, with two Ferraris inside, one red and one yellow. "They want money, money, money. And we have nothing," he said. The driver keeps a notebook hidden under newspapers on his dashboard. In it he writes, in Japanese characters, how the government controls gasoline sales to siphon money for themselves. He wants to smuggle the notebook out of the country so foreign media can report on the system. The government limits official gas sales to two gallons a day. To buy more, drivers must purchase black-market gasoline -- obtained by sellers who pay kickbacks to government-appointed filling station managers -- at nearly double the official rate.[Source: Jill Drew, Washington Post, October 24, 2007 \\\]

Former Imprisoned Crony Still Looking for Ways to Make Money

The Washington Post reported in 2008: “The climate of nepotism and capricious junta policies means that uncertainty pervades even among the most seemingly successful. In his sparsely furnished living room, an avowed former "crony" of senior generals recounted how he grew a small logging firm that traded rosewood and teak to China into a sprawling foreign investment firm that eventually bankrolled three ministers and a mayor, all of them senior military officers. In return for supplying licenses and contracts, the four received large deposits in private Singapore bank accounts, he said. [Source: Washington Post, August 16, 2008 /|\]

“Profits, however, one day started to slip, the deposits to those bank accounts slimmed, and the businessman was thrown in jail, charged with the very thing that swelled the officers' accounts, he said -- using a local company as a front for illicit foreign dealings. But nearly eight years behind bars hasn't dissuaded him from attempting another trek down Burma's twisted path to prosperity. Only six months since he was released, gray-haired and frail, from Insein prison, he says he searches the Internet daily for information on how to tap the booming emigrant industry -- funneling unskilled Burmese workers to jobs outside the country. "This is not a legal way. It is a form of trafficking," he said. For help, he said, he would be turning to old friends in the Home Ministry. As for his clients, he added, they don't really know what they're getting into. But "if they have a chance to go abroad, they can make money." /|\

Zaw Zaw: One of Myanmar’s Premier Cronies

Simon Denyer wrote in the Washington Post, “Zaw Zaw, the head of the giant Max Myanmar conglomerate, is one of Burma’s richest men, having made his fortune through lucrative government contracts, helping to build the country’s new capital, Naypyidaw, in the past decade, and constructing roads and extracting tolls. He profited handsomely when state-owned assets were sold off in 2011 in the largest privatization push in Burma’s history, picking up a banking license and cement factory. He runs roadside gas stations, controls the auto import trade, owns a jade mine and rubber plantations, and is fast expanding into luxury resorts. Zaw Zaw insists that he pays taxes and creates jobs, and he says Burma will not prosper if everyone in the business community is vilified as being cronies. “At this time, we all have to cooperate together to build the country,” he said. [Source: Simon Denyer, Washington Post, March 26, 2013>>]

Aung Zaw wrote in The Irrawaddy, “Zaw Zaw—who is still in his mid-forties— is media savvy and friendly. He will proudly tell visitors and the media that he once washed dishes in Japan before coming back to Burma to run his own business selling used cars and later getting involved in the jade mining business in Kachin State. “I have nothing to hide,” he told me. He was a university student during the 1988 uprising in Rangoon and he witnessed the crackdown and his fellow students being gunned down. [Source: Aung Zaw, The Irrawaddy, January 28, 2013 ////]

“Since his early days, Zaw Zaw’s business empire has expanded considerably. In addition to his mining interests, he now has his own bank (Ayeyarwady Bank, one of the largest in Burma), a cement factory, gas stations and a major construction company. The latter company was awarded numerous lucrative contracts in Naypyidaw, the new capital, including a stadium for the 2013 Southeast Asian Games. ////

“Zaw Zaw may be rich, but he also know that he needs to contribute to society. In 2010, he set up the Ayeyarwady Foundation, a charitable organization. Since then, he has been building schools across Mon and Karen states and Irrawaddy and Mandalay divisions. Recently, the chairman of the Max Myanmar also attended the wedding of a former student leader and member of the 88 Generation Students group.////

Tay Za: Another One of Myanmar’s Premier Cronies

Makoto Ota wrote in the Yomiuri Shimbun: “A mysterious tycoon lurks behind Myanmar's military government. Tay Za, said to be 43 years old, is known for his close relationship with the junta leadership. The United States earlier this month imposed fresh sanctions on Myanmar, freezing bank accounts of businesses close to the junta, apparently targeting Tay Za. But observers have said the sanctions will not sway the tycoon, who is said to be cunning enough to help the junta in skirting most U.S. and EU sanctions. [Source: Makoto Ota, Yomiuri Shimbun, October 30, 2007 ||||]

“Tay Za built his fortune since 1990 through logging, teak log exports, hotels and tourism. The exact size of his fortune and personal details are not known, but his close proximity to the junta and its help in his success is well reported. He is the owner of Air Pagan--in which the wife of the junta's leader, Senior Gen. Than Shwe, is an investor. Tay Za also is the only authorized import agent for the Russian military industry. He, together with Vice Senior Gen. Maung Aye, the junta's No. 2, clinched a deal to purchase MiG-29 fighter-bombers from Russia in 2002. It also is rumored that Tay Za helped, through Air Pagan, Than Shwe's wife and others leave the country for locations such as Vientiane and Dubai during the peak of September's antigovernment demonstrations. ||||

“Tay Za is said to have numerous subsidiaries, bank accounts and luxurious condominiums in Singapore, and he has "no trouble lending his money out," according to a source in Yangon. This diversification means the U.S. sanctions, which only freeze assets in the United States, probably will have little impact on the tycoon. ||||

Aung Zaw wrote in The Irrawaddy, “Tay Za is known to be close to Burma’s senior military leaders, including ex-dictator Snr-Gen Than Shwe....However, he told me that he never met the reclusive former strongman until after his helicopter crashed on a snow-capped mountain in the far north of Kachin State in February 2011. Than Shwe—who refused for a full month to allow foreign aid workers into Myanmar after Cyclone Nargis claimed more than 140,000 lives—immediately ordered hundreds of troops to conduct a search-and-rescue mission for Tay Za and his crew, all of whom survived. Tay Za told me he later went to the residence of the recently retired junta supremo to express his heartfelt gratitude. Tay Za also quietly met Suu Kyi soon after her release in November 2010. He had reportedly offered to assist the NLD. Party sources told me Suu Kyi did not reject his offer. [Source: Aung Zaw, The Irrawaddy, January 28, 2013 ////]

Cronies and Land Grabs in Myanmar

Land disputes are a growing problem in Myanmar. Protests were suppressed quickly under the junta in place until 2011 but have become more common as President Thein Sein has opened up the country and pushed through reforms.

Simon Denyer wrote in the Washington Post, “But Burma’s growing openness under President Thein Sein, a former general, has also meant a loosening of restrictions on free speech — allowing rickshaw drivers, farmers and others to complain about the cronies and their connections. “We are just beginning to realize all the bad things about cronyism,” said Nay Myo Wai, the leader of a pro-farmers political party, sitting on the floor of his party headquarters in the countryside on the outskirts of Rangoon. The chief resentment against the elite centers on land: Huge swaths of it were confiscated by the army and given to its business allies during the darkest days of the country’s military dictatorship. Little or no compensation was offered, and farmers were so cowed that they dared not complain. [Source: Simon Denyer, Washington Post, March 26, 2013>>]

Nay Myo Wai has compiled a thick dossier of land-grab cases and is helping to coordinate nationwide protests by farmers seeking the return of confiscated land. “This would have been totally unimaginable before the changes came,” he said. Until recently, anyone criticizing the military or its allies risked arrest, torture and years of imprisonment, and informers were everywhere.

Thant Zin, 49, is one of a group of angry farmers who have reoccupied land near his ancestral village outside Rangoon, land that was confiscated by the army two decades before and given to Khin Shwe, one of the business elite, to build an industrial park. Thant Zin says he was paid just 15,000 kyat, less than $20 at today’s exchange rate, for 50 acres, leaving him no money to pay for his children’s education. He is demanding better compensation. “I didn’t know that I should have been angry at the time,” he said ruefully. “Fear and ignorance kept me silent.”

Cronies and U.S. Sanctions on Myanmar

Simon Denyer wrote in the Washington Post, “The growing tensions are creating a predicament for foreign investors and for opposition leaders, given how deeply the role of the elite permeates a fast-growing economy. Under U.S. sanctions imposed in 1998 after the suppression of pro- democracy demonstrations, several members of Burma’s business elite were targeted in a way that prevented any American company or citizen from working with them. [Source: Simon Denyer, Washington Post, March 26, 2013>>]

The United States has gradually lifted some sanctions. Some sanctions remain in place against individual businessmen, including one who may be the richest of them all, 48-year-old Tay Za, a man the U.S. Treasury Department described as “an arms dealer and financial henchman of Burma’s repressive junta.” But last month, Washington relaxed sanctions on Burma’s largest banks, including two owned by Tay Za and Zaw Zaw, who maintain close ties with the country’s senior military leaders. The action came just days before a visit by a U.S. business delegation, with the Treasury arguing that increased access to Burma’s banking system would support the country’s “continuing social and economic development.”

Aung Zaw wrote in The Irrawaddy, “From the point of view of the US, which was long the staunchest critic of Burma’s former military rulers, the cronies must make fundamental changes in the way they operate if they want to be removed from the sanctions list. There has been wild speculation in Rangoon recently that the US is looking into potential waivers of entities, particularly banks, to allow foreign businesses to do business in Burma. This would open up some opportunities for some cronies, but it is unlikely that those involved in drugs or who helped purchase arms for the regime will be removed from the list anytime soon. [Source: Aung Zaw, The Irrawaddy, January 28, 2013 ////]

Zaw Zawa admitted that sanctions were a big hindrance in making business as the country is opening up to the outside world. He said he cares about his image and his company, but added that if he can’t shed the label of crony, he wants to at least try to be a “a good crony.”

A young tycoon told the Irrawaddy: “We have been helping opposition groups for many years,” he said. He also warned the US not to overlook the fact that several big-time businessmen who were arms smugglers and involved in the opium trade and other shady business are still not on the US sanction list. Moreover, there are several tycoons who have provided profit shares to the generals’ family members.

Myanmar of Cronies Try to Improve Their Image

Simon Denyer wrote in the Washington Post, “Faced with a lot of bad publicity, the cronies have been fighting back. Some have warned of legal action to try to silence critics; Khin Shwe has threatened to attack the farmers who have occupied his land. But most have been trying to improve their images — to make themselves more acceptable business partners in the new Burma, because they fear retaliation and losing their wealth, or simply because they don’t like criticism. “It gives me so much pain, I often cannot sleep at night,” Zaw Zaw, the head of the giant Max Myanmar conglomerate, said in a rare interview last month while watching a soccer match in Rangoon, the former capital, also known as Yangon. [Source: Simon Denyer, Washington Post, March 26, 2013>>]

Aung Zaw wrote in The Irrawaddy, “One Rangoon–based observer said that Zaw Zaw and other cronies need to show not only that they support current political reforms, but also that they are willing to make a long-term commitment to the development of civil society. They should also return land that they acquired under the former regime, he said. “The cronies must show that they are part of the solution, not part of the problem,” the observer added. [Source: Aung Zaw, The Irrawaddy, January 28, 2013 ////]

Providing cash and building schools and hospitals here and there isn’t enough, one Rangoon-based diplomat said firmly. Some cronies now realize that strong recommendations from Suu Kyi and prominent activists such as Min Ko Naing and Ko Ko Gyi and other actors in the civil society movement are important, as the US is closely monitoring them.

Aung San Suu Kyi and Myanmar’s Cronies

Aung Zaw wrote in The Irrawaddy, “Burma’s richest tycoons are back in the news again—not for their shady ties to Burma’s former ruling generals, but because of their recent efforts to cozy up to the National League for Democracy (NLD), led by democracy icon Aung San Suu Kyi. Tay Za, Zaw Zaw and several other notorious figures who came to prominence during the bad old days of military rule have been making headlines recently for donating generously to NLD causes. This, in turn, has led to criticism of the NLD, which has been accused of defending cronies whose names are virtually synonymous with corruption. [Source: Aung Zaw, The Irrawaddy, January 28, 2013 ////]

In December 2012, “the NLD held a fundraiser in Rangoon to mark the second anniversary of the party’s Education Network. The event netted around 500 million kyat (US $580,000), including a sizable portion from some of Burma’s richest men. During the event, Sky Net, a television operator and a subsidiary of Shwe Than Lwin Company owned by Kyaw Win, donated 135 million kyat ($155,000), while the Htoo Company, owned by Tay Za, donated 70 million kyat ($81,000). ////

“Suu Kyi has also recently been seen visiting a children’s hospital that Burmese tycoon Zaw Zaw of the Max Myanmar Group helped to renovate. Like Tay Za, Zaw Zaw wasted no time finding an opportunity to meet with the Noble Peace Prize laureate. Soon after she was freed from house arrest, Zaw Zaw, who is the chairman of the Myanmar Football Federation, invited her to watch a match together with him. This reportedly earned him a scolding from some senior generals, but that hasn’t stopped him from meeting her again. ////

“Suu Kyi surprised many by saying that those who became wealthy during military rule should be given another chance to reform themselves. They should be considered innocent until proven guilty, she said, before adding that cronies of the former ruling generals should be investigated for any alleged wrongdoing. “People may have become rich in different ways. But whether they were involved in any illegal action to make themselves rich must be investigated,” said the opposition leader. ////

“Now, many in Burma are asking whether the tycoons are trying buy off Suu Kyi. In early January, senior NLD leaders held a press conference to explain the activities of the party’s education network. The press conference was held at the Kandawgyi Palace Hotel—owned by none other than Tay Za. At the reception, Soe Win, a senior leader of the NLD, told me that he welcomed tycoons’ contribution to education and health. When I asked if the tycoons approached Suu Kyi, he smiled and nodded. ////

“Aides to Tay Za have told me that it was the NLD that approached him first; leaders of the party tell that that is not the case. Zaw Zaw said that people should support Suu Kyi. Indeed, many businessmen who are on the US sanctions list know that Suu Kyi holds the key to their future. She is the one who can recommend the US government to remove some tycoons from the list. It’s no wonder why some tycoons have been seen making public donations to the NLD and Suu Kyi. ////

Image Sources:

Text Sources: New York Times, Washington Post, Los Angeles Times, Times of London, Lonely Planet Guides, The Irrawaddy, Myanmar Travel Information Compton’s Encyclopedia, The Guardian, National Geographic, Smithsonian magazine, The New Yorker, Time, Newsweek, Reuters, AP, AFP, Wall Street Journal, The Atlantic Monthly, The Economist, Global Viewpoint (Christian Science Monitor), Foreign Policy, burmalibrary.org, burmanet.org, Wikipedia, BBC, CNN, NBC News, Fox News and various books and other publications.

Last updated May 2014

Ref;http://factsanddetails.com/southeast-asia/Myanmar/sub5_5f/entry-3104.html#chapter-19

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The Opportunities and Risks of Investing in Myanmar

June 21, 2017, 7:30 am

≫ Next: Myanmar braces for 30% drop in foreign investment

≪ Previous: LOCAL GOVERNMENT, BUREAUCRACY, CRONIES AND CORRUPTION IN MYANMAR

The Opportunities and Risks of Investing in Myanmar

The foreign investment law that Myanmar passed in 2012 set off a wave of interest in the country. However, a closer look at the opportunities and challenges of doing business in Myanmar is still necessary before turning interest into actual investment.

By Duncan Falzon, Managing Director, Global Intelligence Alliance

The law allows for 100% foreign ownership in non-restricted sectors and an increase in land lease duration. It also grants foreign investors corporate income tax exemption for three years at a minimum, and exemption from or reduction of taxes on imported capital goods and raw materials.

The opportunities in Myanmar

Myanmar, branded by the International Monetary Fund as Asia’s ‘final frontier’ has a population of 60 million and a growing GDP per capita at 7 to 8% annually. The consumer market is relatively young and offers great potential for suppliers of basic goods and services. The country’s attractive geographical location connects it with China, India, Bangladesh and the ASEAN members of Thailand and Laos, providing access to a market of approximately three billion people.

The country’s abundant natural resources have attracted the most attention, with the oil, gas, and mining sectors receiving the largest amount of foreign investment. Labour is currently cheap, albeit lower skilled, and productivity gains are to be expected along with industrial reforms and the introduction of modern technologies. Such factors make intensive Burmese export-oriented manufacturing attractive.

The Burmese government has identified the four pillars of growth for development. They are telecoms, banking, energy and major infrastructure. Besides these four, other key industries include tourism and market research.

1) Telecoms

Myanmar is one of the world’s last untapped mobile markets, with less than 10% of the 60 million population currently using mobile phones. The government is stepping up its liberalisation of the telecommunications sector by allowing international firms to form joint ventures with local ICT (information and communication technology) players.

After the civilian government took power in 2011 and conducted successful reforms, the Internet has become more accessible to the Burmese people. Samsung is a market leader in Myanmar for mobile phones, tablet computers, TV sets, video players and refrigerators. Samsung, as one of the early movers, began work with two local partners and expanded its distribution in 2012.

2) Banking

The Burmese government has introduced a range of industry reforms to revitalizse the banking sector and support an influx of investment, one of which allows foreign banks to establish joint ventures with local partners.

3) Energy and Resources

The government has put out 18 onshore and 30 offshores oil blocks for tender by international oil giants. Currently, 70% of the Burmese population does not have access to electricity, and the private sector faces serious challenges in coping with the growing demand for electricity. The government is eager to improve the current situation, and a comprehensive power expansion plan has been drawn up.

Daewoo Group, a South Korean conglomerate, has successfully conducted resource development investment in Myanmar. By the end of this year, Daewoo expects the natural gas it sells to China from Myanmar offshore wells to increase from 120 to 500 million cubic feet per day.

4) Tourism

Limited hotel rooms, logistical capacity and coverage, as well as an underdeveloped banking system hold back a boom in tourism. As such, the government has formulated a seven-year tourism development master plan worth US$500 million.

5) Market research

Transparency is a tricky issue in Myanmar. Reliable information is not always available from the government, nor is there sufficient or accurate trade and market information. As such, it is expected that market research and consulting firms that provide market-specific consultancy to potential investors will be in demand.

6) Major infrastructure

The underdeveloped telecom and logistics infrastructure in Myanmar has long been an operational challenge to its businesses, which direly need good ports, road and rail systems. There is pent up demand for infrastructural development.

The risks of investing in Myanmar

As it is with any new frontier market, there are risks associated with investing in Myanmar.

1) Reliance on agriculture

Although Myanmar’s economic structure is transforming, the agricultural sector still contributes to around 40% of the GDP, indicating that the economy is potentially vulnerable to natural disasters such as storms, floods and earthquakes.

2) Political risks

Political instability and ongoing religious conflicts can fundamentally impact foreign businesses’ operations in Myanmar, as seen from occasional uprisings.

3) Cost of poor infrastructural support

Those operating on the ground in Myanmar frequently experience power outages, unstable telecoms services and limited transport coverage. Foreign businesses may find that they have to make their own capital and technological investments, just in order to ensure smooth daily operations.

Cash-based economy

Myanmar’s economy is still substantially cash-based, with less than 20% of the population having access to any formal financial service. Businesses also have to manage their daily finances on a cash basis, and this increases risk and cost.

Lack of skilled labor

As much as 70% to 80% of Myanmar’s workforce is employed in the agriculture sector, which still engages in traditional farming techniques.

Local partnerships

Foreign investment in key sectors such as telecoms, banking, energy and infrastructure, are still restricted to joint ventures, making the choice of local partners crucial for foreign investors, particularly identifying the ones with the right market-specific knowledge and localisation strategies.

-END-

↧

Myanmar braces for 30% drop in foreign investment

June 21, 2017, 7:19 am

≫ Next: China's deepening imprint on Myanmar in Mandalay

≪ Previous: The Opportunities and Risks of Investing in Myanmar

March 21, 2017 7:00 am JST

MOTOKAZU MATSUI, Nikkei staff writer

YANGON -- Foreign investment in Myanmar appears poised to plunge roughly 30% for the year ending March 31 amid the absence of new oil and gas projects, highlighting the need for the government to lure other industries with deregulation and firm economic policy plans.

Myanmar received about $6 billion in foreign direct investment during the 11 months through February, an official at the Directorate of Investment and Company Administration told The Nikkei. An additional $1 billion or so is expected for March, the official said, bringing the annual total to around $7 billion for the first year-on-year drop since fiscal 2012.

Foreign investment had typically increased since Myanmar's democratization in 2011, stoked by efforts to improve ties with the international community and throw open the economy under the government headed by retired Gen. Thein Sein. But much of that money was concentrated in the energy sector, as 40-50% of investment in fiscal 2014 and fiscal 2015 flowed into oil and gas development.

Such oil and gas investment was nonexistent as of the end of February because no new gas and petroleum fields had been offered for development since the start of fiscal 2016. More money went into the communications field amid growing cellphone use as well as into manufacturing, driven by the expanding sewing industry, than in fiscal 2015. But the overall decline remains substantial, exposing the fragile foundations of a resource-dependent economy.

Policy transition

Some point out that the political handoff in March 2016 between the Thein Sein government and State Counselor Aung San Suu Kyi's National League for Democracy hampered investment. The NLD government released an initial economic policy plan in July laying out 12 priorities such as infrastructure building, but provided little detail on those points. Plans to fill out Myanmar's power infrastructure and draw investment are not yet forthcoming.

"The government is short on talent who can draw up economic policies," a diplomatic source said.

The NLD also has pledged to give greater weight to environmental impact assessments for large-scale economic development projects, and signaled that plans formulated under the previous administration for coal-fired power plants will be reviewed in light of potential environmental damage.

Those moves raised concerns among foreign energy companies that their projects could be suspended, a source at a Japanese trading house said. This "has prompted businesses to suspend their projects until they can assess the details of the new government's economic policies," the source said.

Looser rules on the way

Myanmar's struggles are not unique: A sluggish energy market has sapped investment in oil and gas worldwide. The hunt is on among resource-dependent countries to find and nurture alternative growth industries.

The NLD government in October enacted legislation to encourage foreign investment through measures such as tax incentives. Enforcement guidelines expected shortly are to significantly relax restrictions on foreign business.

A legal revision being considered this spring would lift the ban on foreign companies investing in Myanmar's businesses. Regulations in sectors such as trade and logistics likely will be loosened in fiscal 2017 or later, raising hope for renewed growth in foreign investment.

Ref:http://asia.nikkei.com/Politics-Economy/Policy-Politics/Myanmar-braces-for-30-drop-in-foreign-investment?page=1

↧

China's deepening imprint on Myanmar in Mandalay

June 21, 2017, 10:44 pm

≫ Next: Market Analysis For Fast Food Chain Market in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam

≪ Previous: Myanmar braces for 30% drop in foreign investment

Chinese influence is visible in Myanmar’s second largest city Mandalay. As groups exercise to the beat of Chinese techno music against the city's backdrop of ethnic Chinese-owned developments, Myanmar's jade market is bustling with Chinese nationals.

Trade between China and Myanmar's second-largest city is bustling as Myanmar opens up its economic potential

Published:

May 16, 2017, 5:00 am SGT

Tan Hui Yee Regional Correspondent In Mandalay (Myanmar)

In a dusty corner of Mandalay, rows of Chinese nationals sit impassively by tables lined with white cloth on a betel-splattered sidewalk. Burmese traders crowd before them, holding up chunks of raw jade or sacks of bangles in a bid to interest them. The prospective buyers scrutinise the offerings, rejecting some with a flick of their finger.

This is a buyer's market, and a symbol of what many locals see as the kind of relationship Myanmar has with its powerful northern neighbour.

For decades, China was the main economic outlet for a Myanmar squeezed by Western sanctions, making it the largest cumulative investor in one of Asean's poorest countries. While Myanmar's transition from military to civilian rule is now opening the door to rival prospectors, China's imprint is deepening in Mandalay.

"People call this place Yunnan- Mandalay," says Mr Win Htay, a vice-president of the Mandalay Region Chamber of Commerce and Industry, referring to the Chinese province bordering Myanmar. "If you do business, and you don't work with Chinese, you simply can't make money."

Myanmar's second-largest city sits about 450km from the border with China by a major overland artery, along which anything from watermelons and sugar to fertiliser and machinery are transported between the two countries.

The former royal capital, once lined with traditional wooden homes, now bustles with hotpot restaurants and Chinese boutiques selling Duoyi women's fashion, Erke sportswear and Huawei smartphones.

Advertisements for Chinese brands light up downtown Mandalay. The former royal capital, once lined with traditional wooden homes, now bustles with hotpot restaurants and Chinese boutiques selling Duoyi women's fashion, Erke sportswear and Oppo smartp — A food stall at a night market in Mandalay advertises Chinese dishes on its menu. “They like Chinese people here,” said a Chinese construction worker. “We eat with the locals and we relax with them. It’s not difficult for us because they speak Mandarin too.” ST PHOTOS: TAN HUI YEE

Sidewalks by the moat surrounding its painstakingly restored ancient palace throb with the beat of Chinese techno music on mornings when groups of middle-aged women gather for line-dancing.

Yunnan traders are a fixture in Mandalay's sprawling jade market, wheeling and dealing in the Burmese language. Chinese migrant workers haggle in Mandarin with vegetable sellers on the street.

On a national level, bilateral relations have recovered from a low in 2011, when then President Thein Sein, trying to address concerns about Myanmar's over-dependence on China, suspended work on the controversial China-backed Myitsone hydroelectric dam.

Chinese firms are still waiting to start work on parts of a special economic zone in Rakhine state that was awarded to them in 2015. But current President Htin Kyaw's visit to Beijing last month was capped by an agreement that fired up a 771km-long oil pipeline running from the coast of western Myanmar to the Yunnan capital of Kunming.

"They like Chinese people here," a Chinese construction worker, who gave only his surname Wang, told The Straits Times, after bantering with a vendor in a night market dubbed Mandalay's Chinatown. "We eat with the locals and we relax with them. It's not difficult for us because they speak Mandarin too."

The ethnic Chinese, who officially make up about 5 per cent of the city's 1.4-million population, control some of the biggest businesses around. For example, a 200 billion kyat (S$210 million), 20ha development comprising a mall, condominiums, offices and a five-star hotel called Mingalar Mandalay is being developed by a company founded by Myanmar-born ethnic Chinese entrepreneur Kyaw Kyaw Win.

Many of the second- or third-generation Chinese in Mandalay have their roots in Yunnan, though they are now Myanmar citizens. Yet, China's growing dominance in the region has put them in an awkward spotlight. They are often lumped together with recent arrivals, who were accused of using bribes to get identity documents when Myanmar was still under military rule, allowing them to start businesses and snap up prime property downtown. While various estimates of the influx have been made - including one of 300,000 Chinese in the 1990s - none can be proven.

"In Mandalay, they call us China people," laments Mr Yang Choung Myint, a third-generation Chinese and vice-chairman of the Mandalay Chinese Yunnan Association. "But when we go to China, they call us foreigners."

On the ground, antipathy towards the Chinese is partly triggered by their wealth, but also coloured by the fear that China will export its pollutive industries and inferior products to Myanmar. "They do not protect the environment," says Mr Myo Naing Soe, a 27-year-old tour guide.

Mandalay mayor Ye Lwin, in an interview with The Straits Times, related how he had been approached by a Chinese company to build a solar energy plant in the city. He added: "For solar panels, quality is very important."

Among other things, Dr Ye Lwin hopes to eventually introduce a waste-to-energy plant, a real-time traffic light control system and a fibre-optic network in the city. But he will not rush into awarding projects to companies.

"I will not allow a Chinese 'invasion'," he said. "There will be an equal chance for all."

In the meantime, Mandalay's Chinese hope bilateral relations will get cosier. "If China and Myanmar's relations get better, the local Chinese will benefit too," says Mr Myint Naing, director of the Mandalay Overseas Chinese Service Centre. "People would not resent us."

Ref:http://www.straitstimes.com/asia/se-asia/chinas-deepening-imprint-on-myanmar-in-mandalay

↧

Market Analysis For Fast Food Chain Market in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam

June 21, 2017, 8:45 pm

≫ Next: Overview of Asean's Energy Needs and Challenges !

≪ Previous: China's deepening imprint on Myanmar in Mandalay

Market Analysis For Fast Food Chain Market in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam from Canvassco

Market Analysis For Fast Food Chain Market in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam

1. MARKET ANALYSIS FOR FAST FOOD CHAIN MARKET IN CAMBODIA, LAOS, MYANMAR AND VIETNAM September 2014 Contact Us ! Web: www.canvassco.com Email: contact@canvassco.com Phone: +662 627 3081 © Canvassco 2014
2. Fast-food industry is developing it’s presence in the last marketing frontier in ASEAN which include Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam (CLMV) © Canvassco 2014 2
3. During the past 10 years, we have seen not only the global players made their entrance into CLMV market but also Asian’s fast food chain stores are now within the race to strive for first mover advantage © Canvassco 2014 3
4. CLMV markets are attractive as the hot-spots for fast-food chain stores to grow their market share for ASEAN market. To choose what most attractive market among CLMV we take the following factors into consideration; URBANISATION PURCHASING POWER MARKET GROWTH MARKET POTENTIAL LIFESTYLE AVAILABILITY OF RAW FOOD SUPPLY COMPETITION EASE OF DOING BUSINESS © Canvassco 2014 4
5. MARKET POTENTIAL Population © Canvassco 2014 5 Population of targeted age group for fast food restaurant is high for Vietnam and Myanmar >80+ 75-79 70-74 65-69 60-64 55-59 50-54 45-49 40-44 35-39 30-34 25-29 20-24 15-19 10-14 05-09 < 4 Cambodia Laos Myanmar Vietnam Population by Age Group Target Age Group (15 - 39) 15.1 mn 6.7 mn 53.2 mn 89.7 mn 6.5 MN 3.0 MN 23.3 MN 39.2 MN Source: World Bank and Canvassco Analysis
6. MARKET GROWTH 8.2 7.5 7 5.4 Estimated GDP Growth Rate (%) 7.8 8 7.7 7.6 7.5 7.7 7.5 7.3 7.5 7 7.5 7.2 7.3 7.3 5.6 5.7 5.8 5.9 6 © Canvassco 2014 6 CLMV market is expected to grow constantly Cambodia Laos Myanmar Vietnam 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 Source: IMF and Canvassco Analysis Total Foreign Direct Investment (USD Million) For Year 2013 8,900 2,621 269 1,345
7. PURCHASING POWER GDP Per Capita (For Year 2013) Current USD Vietnam - 1,911 Myanmar - 1,177 © Canvassco 2014 7 Among the CLMV market, Vietnam has the highest purchasing power Cambodia - 1,008 Laos - 1,646 Thailand GDP Per Capita was: - USD 5,779 in 2013 - USD 2,849 in 1995 - USD 1,933 in 1992 - USD 1,508 in 1990 - USD 1,122 in 1988 ! Today fast food industry in Thailand is worth about USD 700 million, if CLMV market follow similar trend to Thailand, their fast food market would be approximately within the range of USD 300 - 500 ! http://www.publicdomainpictures.net/view-image.php?image=13249&Source: World Bank, IMF, CP Thailand and Canvassco Analysis picture=coin-graph
8. URBANISATION The hotspot for retail and fast food store for Cambodia is Phnom Pehn, and Laos is still focused in the capital city, Ventiane. The urbanization of Vietnam is scattered from Ho chi Minh city to Hanoi(Captial); Haiphong, and Danang. For Myanmar; the economic cities are Rangoon and Mandalay. © Canvassco 2014 8 % of Urban Population
9. LIFESTYLE - LAOS Daily Purchased Meal Unit: Percentage © Canvassco 2014 9 Modernizing lifestyle is coming to LAOs No Purchase 2% Dinner 17% Lunch 55% Breakfast 26% Average Cost Per Meal Unit: Percentage >THB 120 THB 100 - 120 THB 80 - 100 THB 60 - 80 THB 40 - 60
10. LIFESTYLE - MYANMAR HOW OFTEN BURMESE PEOPLE GO EATING OUT? © Canvassco 2014 10 Only 17% of consumers are eating out everyday Eating out monthly Eating out 1 - 2 times a week Eating out everyday Eating out more than a month Never Source: CLMV Pulse Consumer Behaviour, Lifestyle & Attitude, Esaan Center for Business and Economic Research and Canvassco Analysis
11. LIFESTYLE - VIETNAM HOW OFTEN VIETNAMESE PEOPLE GO EATING OUT? © Canvassco 2014 11 40% of consumers are eating out everyday Eating out everyday Eating out weekly Eating out monthly Eating out more than a month Never Source: CLMV Pulse Consumer Behaviour, Lifestyle & Attitude, Esaan Center for Business and Economic Research and Canvassco Analysis
12. AVAILABILITY OF RAW FOOD SUPPLY © Canvassco 2014 12 Myanmar are Vietnam have the highest raw food supply among the four countries Cambodia (2014f) Laos (Est. 2010) Myanmar (2010 - 2011) Vietnam (2010) Poultry meat production (tons) 26,697 20,567 976,419 746,900 Pork meat production (tons) 120,942 39,720 569,434 3,217,900 Buffalo & Cattle meat production (tons) 80,752 68,063 227,869 370,800 Source: General Statistics Office of Vietnam, Department of Animal Production and Health Cambodia, Myanmar Livestock Federation, FAO and Canvassco Analysis
13. EASE OF DOING BUSINESS © Canvassco 2014 13 Currently, Vietnam leads other countries in terms of ease of doing business factor (99) ; followed by Cambodia (137) and Laos (159); leaving Myanmar the hardest place to do the business (182). ! This is due to the fact that Myanmar has just opened its door to business after facing political uncertainty for several decades. Ease of Doing Business Ranking 137th 159th 182th 99th
14. COMPETITION © Canvassco 2014 14 Vietnam has the highest number of competitors in the market Vietnam Cambodia Myanmar Laos VIETNAM Key players in Vietnam are 1) KFC (137 outlets) 2) Lotteria; the Korean brand(86 outlets) 3) Jollibee; the Filipino brand (39 outlets). ! CAMBODIA Key leaders are Lucky burger and KFC with the equal total number of outlets of 13 outlets each. The penetration from new investors are quite slow, a few players enter in the industry, Burger king with 3 outlets; Master Grill offering grilled chicken having total of four outlets, Pizza Company with ten outlets, and four outlets of BBQ Chicken a leading South Korean fast food chain. ! LAOS There is a silent movement of fast food chain store in Laos as only The Pizza Company entered Laos in 2012 with 1 outlet and another 1 outlet of Swensen in the year later. ! MYANMAR A first mover in Myanmar, Lotteria plans to open 24 more branches by the end of 2016 after it established its first store in early 2013. They partnered with “MYKO (Myanmar – Korea)” to serve as a master franchise in Korea. BBQ Chicken plans to open 10 fast food restaurants by the end of 2014 through a signed agreement with Myanmar Culinary Holdings Co., Ltd.
15. MARKET ATTRACTIVENESS © Canvassco 2014 15 Vietnam is the most attractive market for CLMV market entry Ranking score for CLMV market based on qualitative and quantitative information
16. Let’s us know if need consultation on market prioritisation project CONTACT US FOR MORE INFORMATION © Canvassco 2014 16 www.canvassco.com Tel. +662 627 3081 email: contact@canvassco.com

↧

Overview of Asean's Energy Needs and Challenges !

June 25, 2017, 11:31 pm

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Overview of Asean's Energy Needs and Challenges

1. Overview of ASEAN’s Energy Needs and Challenges Asia 99 “Asia in Ascendancy” Conference “Energy Needs in Asia” University Town, NUS Melissa Low Energy Analyst Energy Studies Institute, National University of Singapore 5 June 2012 1
2. Presentation Outline• Energy Poverty in ASEAN• ASEAN’s Recent and Projected Economic Growth and Total Energy Consumption• Electricity Generation in ASEAN• Transport Fuel Use in ASEAN• Regional Power and Gas Pipeline Networks• Potential Role of Renewable Forms of Energy• The 5th Fuel: Energy Efficiency• Conclusions and Outlook 2
3. ENERGY POVERTY IN ASEAN 3
4. Energy for All Energy is a critical enabler. Without abundant and reliable energy governments cannot provide the basics: Food and Water Education Health Care National SecurityAll societies need abundant and affordable energy to urbanize, modernize and continue to develop 4
5. Energy for AllIn recognition of the importance of energy access for sustainable economic development and supporting achievement of the Millennium Development Goals (MDGs), the United Nations General Assembly designated 2012 as the International Year of Sustainable Energy for All
6. Electrification Rates in ASEAN• The total population of ASEAN is 567 million people. Of these, a startling 160.3 million have no electricity at all (80% live in rural and remote areas). They use twigs and leaves to cook their food.• Rural electrification rates range widely throughout the ASEAN region, from 10% in Myanmar to 100% in Singapore 6
7. Country Electrification Rate (%) Millions Population Total Urban Rural without electricity Brunei 99.7 100.0 98.6 0.0 Cambodia 24.0 66.0 12.5 11.2 Indonesia 64.5 94.0 32.0 81.1 Laos 55.0 84.0 42.0 2.7 Malaysia 99.4 100.0 98.0 0.2 Myanmar 13.0 19.0 10.0 42.8 Philippines 86.0 97.0 65.0 12.5 Singapore 100.0 100.0 100.0 0.0 Thailand 99.3 100.0 99.0 0.4 Vietnam 89.0 99.6 85.0 9.5ASEAN Region 71.9 91.3 54.9 160.3Source: International Energy Agency Electricity Access Database 7
8. Major Programmes and Targets for Improving Access to Electricity in ASEAN Country Program Name Description Financing ArrangementsCambodia Renewable Energy - all villages to have electricity by 2020 Data unavailable Strategy - 70% of all rural households to be electrified by 2030 - Remaining 30% of rural households will be targeted through the Renewable Energy Development Programme.Indonesia Rural Electrification - 90% electrification for 2020. Cross subsidies by state Programme – owned power utility (PNL) and National Energy donors ManagementLao PDR Rural Electrification -80% households to be electrified by 2015. Cross subsidies and foreign Programme - 90% households to be electrified by 2020. investors (decentralized -Electrification of 42,000 rural households through solutions) connection to grid of Electricité du Laos (EdL) - Phase 2 will further provide electrification to 10,000 households through off-grid technologiesPhilippines Philippines Energy - 90% of households to be electrified by 2017. Grants and loans from a Plan (2004-2013) National Electrification Fund and public-private partnerships. Source: IEA, World Energy Outlook, 2011 8
9. ASEAN’s Recent and Projected Economic Growth and Total Energy Consumption 9
10. ASEAN, World & Advanced Economies: Projected GDP Growth Rate to 2016Source: International Monetary Fund, World Economic Outlook Database, September 2011 10
11. ASEAN AAGR (%) for Power Generation from Fossil Fuels (2007-2030) 8 6 4 ASEAN China 2 India % Africa 0 Coal Oil Gas Total Latin America World -2 -4 -6Source: IEA, (World Energy Outlook 2009. (Reference Scenario) 11
12. ASEAN AAGR (%) for Power Generation from Nuclear and Renewables (2007-2030) 18 16 14 12 ASEAN 10 China India % 8 Africa Latin America 6 World 4 2 0 Nuclear Hydro Biomass & Waste Other RenewablesSource: IEA, (World Energy Outlook 2009. (Reference Scenario) 12
13. % Growth Total Final Energy Consumption by Region (2007-2030) 110 100 90 80 70 ASEAN 60 China % 50 India Africa 40 Latin America 30 World 20 10 0 2007 2015 2020 2025 2030 YearSource: IEA, (World Energy Outlook 2009. (Reference Scenario) 13
14. ASEAN Power Generation (% Share) 2007 and 2030 Compared, IEA Reference Scenario 60 50 40 % 30 20 2007 10 2030 0Source: IEA, (World Energy Outlook 2009. (Reference Scenario) 14
15. ASEAN’S Energy Resources and Energy Import Needs 15
16. ASEAN’s Energy ResourcesFossil Energy Resources:• Oil -- Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam• Gas -- Brunei, Cambodia, Indonesia, Malaysia, Myanmar, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam• Coal -- Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Thailand, Vietnam Indonesian coal mine utilizing small contractors, http://www.geokem.com/global-element-dist1.htmlRenewable Energy Resources:• Hydro -- Cambodia, Indonesia, Laos, Myanmar, Philippines, Vietnam• Geothermal -- Indonesia, Philippines• Solar -- all countries have various amounts• Wind -- generally limited potential Indonesia’s hydropower station, March 2011,• Biomass -- all countries have various types and amounts http://en.indonesiafinancetoday.com/read/6178/B ureaucracy-Hampers-Development-of- Hydropower-Plants 16
17. ASEAN’s Projected Total Primary Energy Demand 2020 2030 Coal 21% (145 Mtoe) Coal 24% Renewables Renewables 24% (220 Mtoe) 26% (181 Mtoe) (213 Mtoe) Nuclear 0% (4 Mtoe)Nuclear 0% (0 Mtoe) Gas 22% Gas 22% Oil 31% (199 Mtoe) (211 Mtoe) Oil 30% (150 Mtoe) (267 Mtoe) Source: IEA, WEO 2009, Reference Scenario. 17
18. ASEAN’s Production, Imports and Exports of Fossil Fuels in 2009 Fossil Energy Resources Country Coal and Peat Crude Oil Oil Products Natural Gas Brunei Production - 8485 - 10454 Imports - - 98 - Exports - -7667 - -8009 Cambodia Production - - - - Imports - - 1473 - Exports - - - - Indonesia Production 166802 48052 - 67047 Imports 46 18820 19458 - Exports -136336 -18323 -5020 -31999 Malaysia Production 1348 34226 - 50341 Imports 9126 5839 7265 956 Exports -119 -12235 -10030 -22288 Myanmar Production 732 1011 - 10464 Imports - - 642 -* Figures are thousand tones of oil equivalent. Exports -595 -41 - -7215* Data for Laos is unavailable.Source: International Energy Agency, Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, 2011, Paris: International Energy Agency. 18
19. ASEAN’s Production, Imports and Exports of Fossil Fuels in 2009 Fossil Energy Resources Country Coal and Peat Crude Oil Oil Products Natural Gas Philippines Production 2474 1143 - 3213 Imports 4496 6909 7440 - Exports -1052 -1004 -484 - Singapore Production - - - - Imports 4 45058 89613 7093 Exports - -46 -82805 - Thailand Production 5158 16230 - 19163 Imports 10625 42361 448 7472 Exports -17 -2128 -11500 - Vietnam Production 24480 17330 - 7099 Imports 465 - 14805 - Exports* Figures are thousand tones of oil equivalent. -13995 -13614 -1811 -* Data for Laos is unavailable.Source: International Energy Agency, Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, 2011, Paris: International Energy Agency. 19
20. ASEAN’s Production, Imports and Exports of Nuclear and Renewable Energy in in 2009 Nuclear and Renewable Energy Resources Country Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Biofuels & Waste Brunei Production - - - - Imports - - - - Exports - - - - Cambodia Production - 4 - 3664 Imports - - - - Exports - - - - Indonesia Production - 979 15981 52981 Imports - - - - Exports - - - -282 Malaysia Production - 574 - 3205 Imports - - - 4 Exports - - - -223 Myanmar Production - 360 - 10531 Imports - - - - Exports - - - -* Figures are thousand tones of oil equivalent. Data for Laos is unavailable.Source: International Energy Agency, Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, 2011, Paris: International Energy Agency. 20
21. Production, Imports and Exports of Nuclear and Renewable Energy in the ASEAN Region in 2009 Nuclear and Renewable Energy ResourcesCountry Nuclear Hydro Geothermal Biofuels & WastePhilippines Production - 842 8881 6922 Imports - - - 33 Exports - - - -Singapore Production - - - 29 Imports - - - - Exports - - - -Thailand Production - 615 2 20538 Imports - - - 57 Exports - - - -26Vietnam+ Production - 2578 - 25155 Imports - - - - Exports - - - -* Figures are thousand tones of oil equivalent. Data for Laos is unavailable.Source: International Energy Agency, Energy Balances of Non-OECD Countries, 2011, Paris: International Energy Agency. 21
22. Electricity Generation in ASEAN 22
23. Breakdown of ASEAN Electricity Generation in 2009 (%) Coal Geother Solar and Oil Gas Biofuels Waste Hydro Wind mal PV Peat Brunei 1 99Cambodia 95.6 0.5 3.9Indonesia 41.8 22.8 22.1 7.3 6 Malaysia 30.9 2 60.7 6.3Myanmar 8.9 19.6 71.5Philippines 26.6 8.7 32.1 15.8 16.7 0.1 Thailand 19.9 0.5 70.7 40.4 4.8 neg neg negSingapore 18.8 81 0.2 Vietnam 18 2.5 43.4 36 Source: International Energy Agency (IEA) 23
24. CoalThe Region depends heavily on coal to generate electricity and this dependence is expected to rise over the next decade.• Coal represents the cheapest and most convenient fuel to meet the expected surge in electricity demand• Coal is the undisputed leader in dirty fuel• Burning coal releases more CO2 per unit of energy than oil and natural gas.• In terms of its lifecycle, the mining, transportation and burning of coal leads to major environmental and health hazards, from smog, acid rain, mercury pollution in rivers, to asthma and other respiratory ailments. 24
25. Natural GasThe Region will use more gas over the next decade to generate electricity.• It is a cleaner fuel than coal• Thailand and Singapore import large quantities• Malaysia, Brunei and Myanmar all export gas• IEA predicts that unconventional natural gas will supply 40% of the increase in global supply• IEA says recoverable conventional gas resources are equivalent to more than 120 years of current consumption in the world; total gas resources could sustain today’s production for 250 years 25
26. OilThe Region will use less and less oil over the next decade to generate electricity.• It is generally the most expensive way to generate electricity• It is a highly polluting way to generate electricity• It makes more sense to refine the oil and use the petroleum products in the transport sector• Cambodia relies heavily on oil to generate electricity (diesel generators) because it does not yet have coal or gas powered plants. 26
27. Nuclear PowerPost-Fukushima:• Vietnam has not changed its plans to build a nuclear power plant. It has signed agreements with Russia and Japan to build two 1000 MW reactors. Russia will start the construction of the first one in 2013.• Indonesia continues to discuss plans. Malaysia, Singapore and the Philippines have also not discontinued studying this option.• Thailand has put its nuclear plans on hold.Major Advantages:• Does not contribute to global warming and climate change• ASEAN lacks adequate domestic coal, gas and oil• Potentially volatile pricing of fossil fuel imports ruinous to developing ASEAN• Governments forced to subsidise the cost of electricity 27
28. Issues with Nuclear• Ring of Fire and earthquakes/volcanoes• Cost• Lead time for construction of nuclear power plants• Shortages of skilled labor• Disposal of radioactive nuclear waste• Corruption• Lack of “Maintenance Culture” 28
29. Nuclear Security Risks• Incidents at the nuclear power plant or during transportation of nuclear material thus releasing large amounts of radioactive material• Terrorist attacks on nuclear power plant or during transportation• Theft of radioactive or nuclear materialsSource: The International Institute for Strategic Studies (http://www.iiss.org/EasySiteWeb/GatewayLink.aspx?alId=32468 ) 29
30. Transport Fuel Use in ASEAN 30
31. Energy Use in the Transport Sector • The transport sector in Transport Sector Malaysia, Philippines, Energy Consumption Country (% of total energy Thailand, Indonesia, Singapore and Vietnam consumption) accounted for 17-35% of Malaysia 35.1 total energy consumption in 2009. Philippines 35.0 Thailand 25.1 • Transport consumption Indonesia 21.6 has increased commensurately with Singapore 20.3 economic growth Vietnam 17.3Source: International Energy Agency (IEA), (2011) 31
32. Vehicle Population (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam) 90 80 • Vehicle Motor Vehicles (millions) 70 population for these ASEAN 60 countries is 50 expected to grow from 10 40 million in 1990 30 to 79 million in 2030. 20 10 0 1990 2000 2005 2015 2030 YearSource, Asia Pacific Energy Research Centre, APEC Energy Demand and Supply Outlook 4th Edition, 2009
33. Projected Transport Sector Consumption (Indonesia, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand and Vietnam) 350 35 • Transport consumptionEnergy Consumption (Mtoe) 300 30 is projected to increase from 87 Mtoe in 2007 Transport Share (%) 250 25 to 176 Mtoe in 2020 200 20 and 299 Mtoe to 2030. 150 15 • The share of transport 100 10 is projected to increase from 24.6% in 2007 to 50 5 29.2% in 2020 and 31.0% in 2030. 0 0 2007 2020 2030 Year Energy Consumption Source: Institute of Energy Economics, 3rd ASEAN Energy Outlook, Japan 2011 33
34. Vehicle Population Per Capita 800 Motor Vehicles per 1,000 persons 700 • On average, 600 this translates 500 Vietnam to a 492% Indonesia increase from 400 Philippines 26 vehicles per 300 Singapore 1,000 persons Thailand in 1990 to 127 200 Malaysia vehicles per Average 100 1,000 persons in 2030. 0 1990 2000 2005 2015 2030 ASEAN CountriesSource: APERC, APEC Energy Demand and Supply Outlook, 4th ed.
35. Import/Export of Petroleum Products 150 125 Energy Consumption 100 75 (Mtoe) 50 Imports 25 Exports 0 Net Imports 1990 1995 2000 2005 -25 -50 -75 Year Around 1999, ASEAN went from being a net exporter (13.2 Mtoe in 1990) to a net importer (27.4 Mtoe in 2009) of petroleum products.Source: IEA (2011) 35
36. ASEAN Refinery CapacitiesOf the ten ASEAN countries, only Cambodia and Laos have no refineries. They must import all their required refined products. ASEAN Refinery Capacity (Barrels per day) Brunei 9,000 Myanmar 57,000 Vietnam* 130,500 Philippines 282,000 Malaysia 515,000 Thailand 729,000 Indonesia 1,000,000 Singapore 1,344,000 Total 4,066,500* Vietnam’s refinery halted temporarily in 2009 but resumed in 2011Source: EIA Countries Data, 2009. (http://www.eia.gov/countries/) 36
37. Pump Prices• Malaysia and 1.60 Indonesia have the 1.40 highest expenditures 2010 Pump prices (US$ per litre) on fuel subsidies 1.20• The Philippines and 1.00 Indonesia Malaysia Thailand provide 0.80 Philippines targeted subsidies for Singapore public transport 0.60 Thailand Vietnam• There are no fuel 0.40 subsidies in Singapore 0.20 0.00 Source: World Bank (2012) Diesel Gasoline 37
38. Source: IEA, WEO 2009, Reference Scenario. 38
39. Fuel Subsidy Implications• Southeast Asian countries, with the exception of Philippines and Singapore, subsidise fuel and electricity prices• Fuel subsidies hamper the ability of a government to fund other programmes, particularly those directed towards low income groups• In Indonesia, 40% of high income families benefit from 70% of the fuel subsidies while 40% of the lowest income families benefit from only 15% of the subsidies• Fuel subsidies also create a strain on government budgets, particularly in times of high fuel prices• In 2011, fuel subsidies accounted for $14 billion or 11% of Indonesia’s state budget, more than the $2.3 billion spent by the government on education and health combined• In addition, fuel subsidies distort economic prices, discourage energy efficiency improvements and promote wasteful consumption 39
40. Ending Fuel Subsidies• Many ASEAN countries have announced plans to phase out fuel subsidies due to high oil prices which have resulted in increasing government expenditure• From a political viewpoint, it is difficult to remove subsidies, generating often violent public discontent• In 1998, a fuel price hike in Indonesia helped trigger student riots which ended President Suharto’s 32 year reign• In 2008, an oil subsidy cut in Malaysia led to student protests, after which the ruling coalition lost a third of its parliamentary seats and control of five states to the opposition• More recently, in April 2012, weeks of protests led to the Indonesian government to reverse plans for an immediate fuel price hike 40
41. Ways to End Fuel Subsidies• The political fallout from removing subsidies can be minimized by ending subsidies at the right moment• In April 2012, the Taiwanese government found a political opportunity to end fuel subsidies and raise petrol prices by 10% as there were no major elections coming up in the next four years• Subsidies can also be removed in times of low oil prices. In 2009, the price of oil was at around $35 per barrel, in contrast to the price of over $100 per barrel today 41
42. Regional Power and Gas Pipeline Networks 42
43. ASEAN Power Grid and Gas Pipeline Network Projects• ASEAN was established in 1967 (initial membership of 5 states) with the stated goal of promoting regional stability, cooperation, trade, and economic growth• Energy was identified as a key area for cooperation. – Initially, cooperation was viewed as a way of enhancing energy security – Of late, the environment is also viewed a driver• In 1997, the Heads of State at the Second ASEAN Informal Summit (Kuala Lumpur) envisioned an energy integrated Southeast Asia. Energy integration was to be driven by two projects: – The ASEAN Power Grid Project (APG) – The Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline (TAGP) 43
44. Map of Proposed ASEAN Power Grid and Gas Pipeline Network Projects 44
45. Source: IEA, WEO 2009, Reference Scenario. 45
46. Slow Progress on APG and TAGPThe ASEAN Power Grid Project (APG) – Bilateral arrangements have driven existing grid interconnections – Progress going forward will be slow given the complexity and scale of the task – Electricity trading in ASEAN will be along time coming The Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline (TAGP) – Efforts to build the TAGP did not pan out as expected, most developments to date are on a bilateral basis – The evolution of the natural gas market and technological progress has impeded the expansion of the TAGP as previously envisioned – The flexibility afforded by LNG, a substitute to pipeline transport of gas, would most likely be favoured by governments in the region 46
47. Potential Role of Renewable Forms of Energy 47
48. Carbon & Energy Reduction Targets (Select ASEAN, ASEAN+3 countries)COUNTRY REDUCTION TARGETSCHINA 40-45% Carbon Intensity reduction by 2020 15% of energy to come from non-fossil fuels by 2020INDONESIA 19% Carbon Emissions reduction (from energy sector) by 2020MALAYSIA 40% Carbon Emissions reduction by 2020 (conditional, voluntary)JAPAN 25% Carbon Emissions reduction by 2020 (1990 levels)*SINGAPORE 35% Energy Intensity reduction by 2030 (2005 levels) 25% Carbon Intensity reduction by 2012 (1990 levels) 7-11% Carbon Emissions reduction by 2020 (BAU levels, unconditional) 16% Carbon Emissions reduction by 2020 (BAU, conditional)S. KOREA 30% Carbon Emissions reduction (forecast levels)THAILAND 30% Carbon Emissions reductions (from energy sector) by 2020VIETNAM 5% of electricity to come from non-fossil fuels by 2020 48
49. Strong Renewable Energy Potential in ASEAN 2030 Renewable Electricity Potentials in2030 Renewable Electricity Potentials in Major OECD‐30 Sub‐regions (source: IEAASEAN‐6 Countries (source: IEA 2011) 2011)
50. Renewables for Electricity GenerationWind, solar, geothermal, etc., can play a useful supplementary role. However, they will not replace fossil fuels in the next two decades.• Indonesia and Philippines have large geothermal reserves.• Substantial hydropower resources in the region, but they cannot replace fossil fuels. 50
51. Biofuels for TransportAsia will experience soaring demand for biofuels in the coming years as the demand for private vehicles soarsASEAN’s largest biofuel producers are: Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand and the Philippines 51
52. Biofuel Industry Drivers• Decline of the region’s oil reserves• Huge imports of oil result in negative trade balances and an outflow of foreign exchange• Price of oil could reach new heights due to physical and/or political factors• Subsidisation of oil prices places great strain on government finances (e.g. Indonesia)• It is hoped that the biofuels industry can help pull thousands of rural residents out of poverty 52
53. Concerns Linked with Biofuels• Deforestation• Soil and water depletion• Loss of biodiversity• Loss of farmland• Eutrophication• Haze• High energy consumption in biofuels production, thus questionable decreases in carbon dioxide emissions• First generation biofuels are food crops. This can put pressure on food prices and exacerbate of poverty 53
54. The 5th Fuel: Energy Efficiency 54
55. Poor Energy Efficiency in ASEAN: An Example Losses as % of total Country (billion kWh) net generationBrunei 0.218 6% • ASEAN has very highBurma (Myanmar) 0.22 transmission and 34% distribution lossesCambodia 15.36 19%Indonesia 0.26 10%Laos 3.99 7% • Wasted resources and addMalaysia 1.91 4% to costsPhilippines 7.5 13%Singapore 2.16 5%Thailand 8.78 6%Vietnam 7.99 10%China 181.15 5%United States 260.58 7%India 219.87 6%OECD 662.78 7%
56. Energy Efficiency – Overcoming Challenges• Must convey the right message about how energy efficiency contributes to economic prosperity, focusing on important issues other than climate change mitigation.• Can shift the emphasis of scaling up energy efficiency from developing technologies to delivering energy savings.• Both regulatory policies and financial incentives are required to promote energy efficiency market transformation; appropriate emphasis and balance between the two will vary from one country to another.• Carbon finance remains largely untapped as a major financial incentive to help scale up energy efficiency markets.
57. Conclusions and Outlook 57
58. Source: IEA, WEO 2009, Reference Scenario. 58
59. Concluding RemarksASEAN’s Electricity Needs• Still millions of people suffering in this region due to lack of electricity• The region faces very high demand for electricity over the next two decades• There is considerable coal and gas in the region, but more will need to be imported• Coal is a step backwards in terms of global warming?• Nuclear option takes time and comes with many real concerns• Renewables will contribute only a small portion of required electricity 59
60. Concluding RemarksASEAN’s Transport Fuel Needs• Phenomenal increase in vehicle ownership expected over next two decades• Demand for gasoline and diesel will be staggering; most will need to be imported• Blending of biofuels into transport fuels expected to be slow; controversialRegional Power and Gas Pipeline Networks• Good intentions, and very logical but progress is slowEnergy Efficiency• Energy efficiency is generally very low. Tremendous scope to improve it 60
61. Concluding RemarksThere are many opportunities to assist ASEAN with its provision and use of energy.The region has good potential to “leapfrog” to the newest energy technologies and not go through the inefficient and environmentally degrading industrial revolution that the rest of the world went through. 61
62. Thank you!esimlyx@nus.edu.sg 62

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Overview of Asean's Energy Needs and Challenges from Melissa Low

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Oil and gas industry in Myanmar

June 25, 2017, 10:34 pm

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Oil and gas industry in Myanmar

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Oil wells in Yenangyaung, 1910

Burma, officially known as Myanmar, is a developing country and an important natural gas and petroleum producer in Asia. It is home to one of the world's oldest petroleum industries, with its first crude oil exports dating back to 1853.^[1] Today, the country is one of the major natural gas producers in the Asian continent.^[2] Decades of isolation, sanctions, a lack of technical capacity, opaque government policies and insufficient investment has impeded the country's efforts to develop an upstream hydrocarbon sector.^[3] Recent but slow political reform has led the international community to ease sanctions on Burma, giving rise to hopes of greater investment and economic growth.

History

Early British explorers in Burma discovered a flourishing oil extraction industry in the town of Yenangyaung in 1795.^[4] The area had hundreds of hand-dug oil wells under the hereditary control of 24 Burmese families.

British Burma exported its first barrel of crude oil in 1853.^[5] The London-based Burmah Oil Company (BOC) was established in 1871 and began production in the Yenangyaung field in 1887 and the Chauk field in 1902. BOC enjoyed a monopoly in the sector until 1901, when the American Standard Oil Company launched operations in Burma.^[2] Oil supplies largely met the demand of British India. Prior to World War II and the Japanese invasion of Burma, oil production stood at 6.5 million barrels annually.^[6] After independence in 1948, Burma continued to be one of the more prosperous nations in Asia due to its petroleum industry and agricultural exports.

In 1963, the socialist military government led by Ne Win nationalized the sector, causing decades of economic stagnation.^[1]

After 1989, the military junta began opening up the country to more foreign investment. Shell discovered the Apyauk gas field 50 kilometres northwest of Yangon in 1991.^[7]

Current status

Myanmar is today primarily a natural gas producer. As of 2015, Myanmar exports gas to Thailand and China.^[3] Myanmar had proven gas reserves of 10 trillion cubic feet in 2012, with an annual production capacity of 416 BcF.^[8] Oil reserves in 2013 numbered at 50 million barrels, with a production capacity of 21,000 bbl/d.^[8] The Yenangyaung oil field continues to be in operation.

The country has classified 51 onshore blocks and 53 offshore blocks, including 26 deep water blocks, for oil and gas exploration.^[6]

The National Energy Management Committee regulates the sector under the Ministry of Energy. The industry consists of three key state players:^[2]

Myanma Oil and Gas Enterprise, created in 1963; responsible for exploration, production and domestic gas transmission through a 1,200-mile onshore pipeline network.
Myanma Petrochemicals Enterprise, operates small refineries and fertilizer plants
Myanmar Petroleum Products Enterprise, responsible for retail and wholesale distribution of petroleum products

Major international oil companies (IOCs) engaged in Myanmar include Total S.A., the Essar Group, CNOOC, Petronas and Sinopec.^[9]

Local companies such as Parami Energy Group and MPRL are some who are leading players in this field. According to Kwong Weng Yap, Chief Operating Officer of Parami, he said in a speech to the ASEAN community that the Myanmar oil and gas industry requires a clean government and local inclusion for it to be sustainable in the near term.^[10]

The downstream distribution network in Myanmar remains very under-developed.

Myanmar Oil & Gas Enterprise (MOGE)

1. July, 2011
2. Block Map of Myanmar MOGE Aggressive Exploration Programme ♣ To explore & produce oil and gas in onshore areas for self- self- sufficiency ♣ To oversee and cooperate the PSCs in Offshore areas
3. OIL & GAS FIELDS OF MYANMAR (ONSHORE) SR NO. OIL & GAS FIELDS YEAR OF DISCOVERY REMARKS 1 YENANGYAUNG 1887 PRODUCING 2 AYADAW 1893 PRODUCING 3 CHAUK 1902 PRODUCING 4 PAYAGON 1959 SUSPENDEDSHWE 5 MYANAUNG 1964 PRODUCING 6 PYAY 1965 PRODUCING 7 SHWEPYITHA 1967 PRODUCING 8 PYALO 1969 SUSPENDED 9 MANN 1970 PRODUCING 10 LETPANDO 1974 PRODUCED FOR 2 YEARS & SUSPENDED 11 PEPPI 1976 PRODUCING 12 HTAUKSHABIN 1978 PRODUCING 13 HTANTABIN 1980 SUSPENDED 14 KANNI 1985 PRODUCING 15 APYAUK 1991 PRODUCING 16 SHWEGU 1994 SUSPENDED 17 KYAUKKWET / 1995 PRODUCING LETPANDO 18 INDAING 1996 SUSPENDED 19 NYAUNGDON 1999 PRODUCING 20 THARGYITAUNG/SABE 2001 PRODUCING
4. Crude Oil andNatural Gas ReservesProved RecoverablePetroleum Reserves(as at 1-4-2006) 1-Location Crude Natural Oil Gas (MMBBL) (BSCF)Onshore 115.116 309.651Offshore 100.892 15,845.000
5. Concession Blocks 3 TYPES OF BLOCKS  EXPLORATION / PRODUCTION ( EP ) / (PSC)  IMPROVED PETROLEUM RECOVERY ( IOR ) PERFORMANCE COMPENSATION CONTRACT (PCC)  REACTIVATION OF SUSPENDED FIELDS ( RSF ) Type of Block No. of Blocks Remarks PSC & EP 36 (Onshore) Exploration PSC 25 (Offshore) Areas IOR / PCC 7 (Onshore) Improved Oil Recovery RSF 10 (Onshore) Marginal Field Development ---------------------------------------------------------------------- Total 53 Blocks (Onshore) 25 Blocks (Offshore-Shallow Water) 26 Blocks (Offshore-Deep Water) -----------------------------------------------------------------------
6. OTHER OIL COMPANIES ACTIVITIES
7. Current Onshore Activities by Companies Company (Operator) Block/Area MPRL (Myanmar) MOGE- MOGE-2(N) (Mann Field) Goldpetrol (Indonesia) MOGE- MOGE-1 (Yenangyaung Field) IOR- IOR-2 (Chauk Field) SINOPEC (China) PSC- PSC-D (Mahudaung) CNOOC (China) PSC- PSC-C1 (Indaw) PSC- PSC-C2 (Shwebo- (Shwebo- Monywa ESSAR Group (India) PSC- PSC-L (Sittway) Silver Wave (Singapore) (Singapore) PSC- PSC-B2 (Nandaw- Nandaw- Zebyutaung) Zebyutaung) N

obel Oil (Russia) Russia) PSC- PSC-A (Hukaung) Hukaung) PSC- PSC-B1 (Uyu) Uyu) North Petrol (China) PSC- PSC-F (Ngahlaingdwin) (Ngahlaingdwin) SNOG & UPR (Singapore) Singapore) PSC- PSC-R (Mepale) Mepale) NOTE : In onshore area, 12 contracts have been signed with 9 foreign companies. Some onshore blocks are kept reserve for MOGE some will be opened very soon.
8. Current Offshore Activities by Companies COMPANIES (Operator) BLOCKS TOTAL M-5, M-6 (Yadana) M- PETRONAS Carigali M-12, M-13, M-14 M- M- (Yetagun) DAEWOO A-1 (Shwe), A-3, AD-7 A- AD- PTTEP M-3, M-7, M-9, M-11 M- M- M- CNOOC A-4, M-10 M- ESSAR A-2 Ngwe Oil & Gas M-8 Twinza Oil YEB MPRL E&P A-6 Rimbunan & UNOG M-1 CNPC AD- AD- AD- AD-1, AD-6, AD-8 Petrovietnam & UNOG M-2 Petronas Carigali MD- MD- MD- MD-4, MD-5, MD-6 KMDC & BOC A-5, A-7, M-15, M-16 A- M- M- In the offshore area, 29 contracts have been signed with 14 foreign companies for 30 offshore blocks. 3 shallow water blocks are available for exploration & development and 19 new deep water blocks are open for new investors. OPEN OFFSHORE BLOCKS  Original Open Blocks : M-4, M-17, M18 M- M-  Newly Open Deep Water Blocks : 19 Blocks
9. Major Offshore Projects in Myanmar Offshore
10. YADANA GAS PROJECT SUMMARYLOCATION : MOATTAMA OFFSHOREBLOCKS : M-5 / M-6 M-SELLERS : TOTAL 31.24 % UNOCAL 28.26 % PTTEP 25.50 % MOGE 15.00 %BUYER : PTT PlcRESERVES : 6.5 TCFEXPORT DCQ : 525 MMCFD / 565 MMCFDDOMESTIC GAS : 125 MMCFDOFFSHORE FACILITIES : WELL HEAD PLATFORM 1 ( 7 WELLS ) WELL HEAD PLATFORM 2 ( 7 WELLS ) WELL HEAD PLATFORM 3 ( 2 WELLS ) PRODUCTION PLATFORM LIVING QUARTER PLATFORM FLARE PLATFORMONSHORE FACILITIES : PIPELINE CENTER METERING STATIONPIPELINES : 216 MILES 36” PIPELINE ( OFFSHORE ) 39 MILES 36” PIPELINE ( ONSHORE )START OF GAS EXPORT : 1998PROJECT COST : 1200 MM$
11. Yadana Project (Block M-5, M-6) M- M- HORI ZON GRIDS YADANA FIELD Top of the Carbonates Time map ( ms TWT )RESERVES : 6.5 TCF EXPORT DCQ : 525 MMCFDSTARTED GAS EXPORT : 1998 PROJECT LIFE : 30 YEARS
12. Yadana Project (Block M-5, M-6) M- M-After developing Sein Satellite Field in March 2006, 40 mmcfd of gashad been produced for domestic use.
13. YADANA GAS PROJECT• LOCATION : MOATTAMA• OFFSHOTIORE• BLOCKS : M-5/M-6 5/M-• SELLERS TOTAL 31.24% UNOCAL 28.26 % PTTEP 25.50% MOGE 15.00 % RESERVES : 6.5 TCF EXPORT DCQ : 565 MMCFD DOMESTIC GAS : 200 MMCFD OFFSHORE FACILITIES WELL HEAD PLATFORM 1 (7 WELLS) WELL HEAD PLATFORM 2 (7 WELLS) PRODUCTION PLATFORM LIVING QUARTER PLATFORM FLARE PLATFORM MEDIUM COMPRESSION PLATFORM ONSHORE FACILITIES : PIPELINE CENTER MEETING STATION PIPELINES 216 MILES 36” PIPELINE(OFFSHORE) 39 MILES 36” PIPELINE(ONSHORE) 95 MILES 24” PIPELINE(OFFSHORE) TO DAW NYEIN FOR DOMESTIC, IN 2010 START OF GAS EXPORT : 1998 PROJECT COST : 1200 MM$
14. YETAGUN GAS PROJECT SUMMARYLOCATION : TANINTHARYI OFFSHOREBLOCKS : M-12 / M-13 / M-14 M- M-SELLERS : PETRONAS 40.75 % NIPPON 19.40 % PTTEP 19.40 % MOGE 20.45 %BUYER : PTT PlcRESERVES : 4.16 TCFEXPORT DCQ : 200 / 260 / 400 MMCFD ( ABOUT 30 BL CONDENSATE / MMCF )OFFSHORE FACILITIES : DRILLING PLATFORM ( 6 WELLS +4 ADDITIONAL) PRODUCTION PLATFORM FSOONSHORE FACILITIES : PIPELINE CENTER METERING STATIONPIPELINES : 126 MILES 24” PIPELINE ( OFFSHORE ) 42 MILES 24” PIPELINE ( ONSHORE )START OF GAS EXPORT : 2000PROJECT COST : ABOUT 700 MM$
15. Yetagun Project YN Yetagun NE YETAGUNRESERVES : 4.16 TCF EXPORT DCQ : 400 MMCFD ( ABOUT 30 BL CONDENSATE / MMCF )STARTED GAS EXPORT : 2000 PROJECT LIFE : 30 YEARS YETAGUN NO. 2 YETAGUN EAST NO. 1 Depth (feet) East-West structural cross-section of the Yetagun Field
16. Current Offshore Activities
17. Block A-1 (Shwe) Gas Discovery A- RESERVES (Shwe / Shwe Phyu / Mya) : 4.794 ~ 8.632 TCF• Recent gas discovery in Block A-1 proves the commercial gas accumulation A- in Rakhine offshore area.• In very near future it will become another gas project playing an important role in oil & gas sector of Myanmar.
18. Shwe Project ( Gas from Blocks A-1 & A-3 ) A- A-
19. ZAWTIKA EXPORT PIPE GAS PROJECT• Located 300 km south of Yangon and 240 km Zawtika Development Project west of Tavoy 220-260 Km. 220- 72 Km.• New 230 km offshore & 72 km onshore 28” pipelines to PTT 42” P/L at Ban-I-Tong. Ban- Pipeline Operating Metering Center Station• Planned DCQ at 300 MMscfd• Dom- Dom- 60 MMcfd + Export 240 MMcfd Block : M-9 Gas Reserve : 1.44 tcf (Drilled Reserve) DCQ : 250 mmscfd (export)/ 60 mmscfd (domestic) Sellers : PTTEP / MOGE Buyer : PTT 1st Gas : 2015 Location map of Prospects in Block M-9 GTK-1 KKN-1 UGGA-1 KKN-2 ZTL-1 KKN-3 ZTK-8 ZTK-5 ZTK-1 ZTK-4 SPH-1 ZTK-3 ZTK-7 ZTK-6 ZTK-2
20. Block A-1 and A-3 Prospects A- A- Shwe Nilar 1 Shwe Nilar 2Shwe DiscoveryShwe Phyu DiscoveryShwe Nilar ProspectNgwe North ProspectMya Discovery Block A-3 (Mya Discovery) A- Block A-3 A- RESERVES : 1.5 ~ 3.9 TCF
21. Options for Blocks A-1 & A-3 Gas Utilization A- A- Possible Pipeline routes1. Pipe gas to neighboring countries (option 1,2,3 & 4)2. LNG 3 23. Special Economic Zone (SEZ gas base) at nearby 1 landfall 4
22. Prospects & Lead DRILLING PROGRAMME IN BLOCK A-3 A-3, MYANMAR A- BLOCKS  Water Depth Map with Mya Discovery & other Prospects 1000m 500m MYA Well 1 discovery Mya Well 2 (appraisal) Mya Well 3 (appraisal)1500m Prospect KYAUK SEIN Well #1 (exploration) Lead A Prospect THANDAR Provisional well #1 Wells to be drilled in early 2007
23. Shwe Pyi Htay Discovery Block M-9 M-Gas Reserves : 260 BCFTested in Well Shwe Pyi HtayWell 1 Production ~ 25 mmcfd gas
24. Zawtika well Discovery NW 1190 1100 1000 900 800 SE 199 414 646 AMP-1 897 TWT (ms) H10 AMP-2 1168 H20 AMP-3 H30 AMP-4 1462 Zawtika Well 1 AMP-5 1780 Cross section H40 2124 H50 2495 TOTAL ACTUAL H60 DEPTH 2085 M 2896 H70 Proposed TD 3000 mTVD-MSL 3327 3798 0 5 LOW HIGH KILOMETER• Zawtika-1 was drilled to 2085 meter and encountered 7 significant gas reservoirs with estimatedreserves from mud log ranging from 435 to 1058 BCF, mean case 730 BCF.• PTTEPI technically believed that after the discovery of Zawtika-1, potential reserve is estimated43 TCF in block PSC-M9.
25. ZAWTIKA EXPORT PIPE GAS PROJECT• Located 300 km south of Yangon and 240 km west of Tavoy• New 230 km offshore & 72 km onshore 28” pipelines to PTT 42” P/L at Ban-I-Tong. Ban-• Planned DCQ at 300 MMscfd• Dom- Dom- 60 MMcfd + Export 240 MMcfd Location map of Prospects in Block M-9 M- GTK -1 KKN-1 UGGA-1 KKN-2 ZTL-1 KKN-3 ZTK-8 ZTK-5 ZTK-1 ZTK-4 SPH-1 ZTK-3 ZTK-7 ZTK-6 ZTK-2
26. Location map of Prospects in Block M-9 M-The second drilling campaign focused only on M9 to evaluate HC potential inthree areas, M9W, M9C and M9NE with the encouraging drilling plan of 7 wellsby end 2007.Zatila # 1 drilled in western part of Block M-9 discovered and some amount ofcondensate and gas.
27. Location map of Prospects in Block M-15/16/17/18 M-TANINTHAYI OFFSHORE AREA BLOCK M-15/M-16/M-17/M-18 Galon MORE THAN 25 TCF GAS IN NEW PROSPECTS Nagar ESTIMATED BY PCML EXPLORATION DRILLING IN GALON ON 21 SEPTEMBER,2006 Hintha
28. Galon- Galon-1in Block M-16 M-
29. Nagar- Nagar-Ain Block M-16 M-
30. Chinthe- Chinthe-Ain Block M-17 M-
31. Hinthar- Hinthar-Ain Block M-18 M-
32. List Of The Foreign Oil Companies Awarded For PSC and Current StatusSr. Company Name Block No. Date of Contract Remark1. Petronas Carigali M-12,13,14 3- 3-5-1990 Exporting gas to PTT2. Total M-5,M-6 5,M- 9-7-1992 Exporting gas to PTT3. Daewoo A-1/A-3 1/A- 4-8-2000/ 18-2-2004 18- Development AD- AD-7 25- 25-2-2007 Exploration4. Petronas MD- MD-4,5,6 21- 21-1-2010 Exploration Period5. PTTEPI M-7,M-9 7,M- 12-11- 12-11-2003 Development6. CNOOC A4,M- A4,M-10 14-12- 14-12-2004 Exploration7 ESSAR A-2 7-5-2005 Exploration8. PTTEPI M-3/M-11 3/M- 7-8-2004 Exploration 25- 25-7-20059. TWINZA YEB 9-11-2006 11- Exploration10. NGWE M-8 15- 15-9-2006 Exploration11. Rimbunan M-1 9-3-2007 Exploration12. Petro Vietnam M-2 2-10-2008 10- Exploration13. MPRL A-6 18- 18-1-2007 Exploration14. CNPC AD- AD-1/6/8 15- 15-1-2007 Exploration15. Petronas/UNOG Petronas/UNOG MD- MD-4/5/6 2-10-2008 10- Exploration16. KMDC M-15/M-16 15/M- 20- 20-1-2011 Study Period A-5,A-7 5,A-
33. MOGE OTHER ACTIVITIES
34. NATURAL GAS MARKET About 2000 miles of gas pipeline were constructed in onshore by MOGE pipeline team. Pipeline size varies from 6" to 20". Onshore Gas Pipeline Offshore Gas Pipeline
35. CNG / NGV PROGRAMME IN MYANMAR  Initiated in Myanmar since 1986.  1986 – August 2004 : - 5 CNG Refueling Stations - - 2 in Yangon City - 2 in Yenangyaung Field - 1 in Chauk Field - 587 NGVs (Converted from petrol buses)  CNG / NGV Programme was reactivated in August 2004 and Widely used in 2005.  As at June 2011 : - 45 CNG Refueling Stations in Myanmar- - 40 in Yangon City - 2 in Mandalay City - 2 in Yenangyaung Field - 1 in Chauk Field - About 27472 NGVs (Converted from both petrol / diesel vehicles)  Future : CNG Refueling Stations will be installed along the existing domestic pipeline corridor. 9
36. CNG / NGV PROGRAMME IN MYANMAR (Continued)  In Yangon City (up to June 2011): - Refueling Stations in Operation: 40 * 1 in Mother Station (Ywama) * 6 in Daughter Stations * 33 and Alone Stations  The NGV Conversion is continuing. 1 0
37. Regional Cooperation
38.  Myanmar in Regional Co-operation Programme Co-Trans-Trans-ASEAN Gas Pipeline (TAGP) MYANMA RMyanmar contribute to certain extent the energy supply requirementsof ASEAN, BIMSTEC, GMS and ACMECS in terms of natural gas.
39. Investment Opportunitiesin Petroleum Exploration Sector in Myanmar
40. Newly Demarcated DeepWater Blocks- Rakhine Offshore Area 14 Blocks ( AD-2 to AD-5, AD-9 to AD-18 ) AD- AD- AD- AD-- Moattama/Tanintharyi Offshore Area 2 Blocks ( MD-7, MD-8 ) MD- MD-OPEN OFFSHORE BLOCKS- Shallow Water Open Blocks : M-4, M-17, M18 M- M-- Newly Open Deep Water Blocks : 19 Blocks
41. Deep Water BlocksRakhine Offshore (Arakan Deep) – 10 Blocks. Sr. Block Area / Water Depth No. Name Sq. Miles ft (m) 1. AD - 1 1,042 1,500 -> 6,000 (457m - > 1,829m) 2. AD - 2 3,127 > 6,000 (> 1829m) 3. AD - 3 3,822 > 6,000 (> 1829m) 4. AD - 4 4,077 > 6,000 (> 1829m) 5. AD - 5 4,077 > 6,000 (> 1829m) 6. AD – 6 373 17 – 295 (5.18m - 89.91m) 7. AD – 7 650 295 - 4590 (89.91m – 1395.98m) 8. AD - 8 2,000 3280 - 6560 (979.56m – 1995.13m) 9. AD - 9 3,011 3280 -> 6,560 (979.56m -> 1995.13m) 10. AD - 10 3,500 > 6,560 (> 1995.13m)
42. Deep Water Blocks (Cont.)Moattama & Tanintharyi Offshore (Moattama Deep) – 8 Blocks.Sr. Block Name Area / Water DepthNo. Sq. Miles ft (m) 1. MD - 1 3,262 > 6,000 (> 1829m) 2. MD - 2 3,988 1,500 -> 6,000 (457m - > 1,829m) 3. MD - 3 5,135 600 -> 6,000 (183m - > 1,829m) 4. MD - 4 2,278 3,000 -> 8,000 (914m - > 2,439m) 5. MD - 5 2,452 6,000 -> 9,000 (1,829m - > 2,744 m) 6. MD - 6 2,683 6,000 -> 10,000 (1,829m - > 3,049m) 7. MD - 7 3,011 3,000 -> 10,000 (914m - > 3,049m) 8. MD - 8 2,510 2,500 -> 9,000 (762m - > 2,744m)
43. Any interested parties are cordially invited to invest in Myanmar offshore exploration.• Brief data over-view of the blocks could over- be done with MOGE technical team at free of charge.• Interested blocks should be applied to Ministry of Energy or Energy Planning Department for direct negotiation at any time.

Myanmar Oil & Gas Enterprise (MOGE) from myanmarbusiness

Myanmar Petroleum Energy from Ye Phone Hlaing.

Domestics market potential for petroleum products u tin zaw myint from Ye Phone Hlaing.

Production sharing contract (psc) u htin aung from Ye Phone Hlaing.

Hist Petr Expl U of Myanmar_SEAPEXhouston23Jun2016pptx from Scott E Thornton

MYANMAR OIL COMPANY AND INTEREST OVERSEA TENDER COMPANY 17-2-2016-UPDATE from MYO AUNG Myanmar.

Discussion on Realistic Oil and Gas Potential of Onshore Myanmar from Dr. Oliver Massmann PhD (Int.Buss.Law) EGS Paris

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Investment Opportunities in Mining Sector in Myanmar

June 25, 2017, 10:32 pm

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Investment Opportunities in Mining Sector in Myanmar

1. The Republic of the Union of Myanmar Ministry of MinesInvestment Opportunities in Mining Sector Presented by – U Win Htein Director General Department of Mines6/15/2012 Ministry of Mines 1
2. 1. Introduction ( i ) Organization Chart of the Ministry ( ii ) Legal Framework2. Mineral Occurrence in Myanmar3. Investment Information ( i ) Procedure for the Foreign Investment ( ii ) Tax Regime in Mineral Sector ( iii ) Royalty ( iv ) Categories of Mining Permits ( v ) Production Sharing Contract ( P.S.C ) System ( vi ) FDI List4. Conclusion
3. Introduction Ministry of Mines is the governmentauthority responsible for implementation ofthe policy, legislation and enforcement ofLaw, Rules and Regulations in the miningsector.6/15/2012 3
4. Organisation Chart of the Ministry Union Minister No.(1) No.(2) No.(3) Myanmar Myanmar Myanmar Department Department Mining Mining Mining Gems Salt Pearl of ofEnterprise Enterprise Enterprise Enterprise and Enterprise Geological Mines Marine Survey Chemical & Enterprise Mineral Exploration 6/15/2012 4
5. Myanmar is endowed with mineral resources such as copper,gold, lead, zinc, silver, tin and nickel and so on.Myanmar has a lot of potential for mining sector if we cancombine with our rich mineral deposits and newtechnologies.So, I would like to invite the investors in Mining Sectors asnot only FDI( Foreign Direct Investment ) but alsopartnership with local companies in Myanmar.6/15/2012 5
6. Legal FrameworkNow a days , MIC ( Myanmar Investment Commission) is trying topromulgate the new Myanmar Investment Law.The Union of Myanmar Mines Law was promulgated in September1994.Rules relating to the law followed in December 1996.At Present, Ministry of Mines is trying to amend the Myanmar MinesLaw with the advice of experts and publics.( i ) To facilitate the environmental conservation and Green Mining .(ii) To encourage for investments more easily and trustyfully.According to the Myanmar Mines law, all natural mineral depositsfound either on or under the soil of any land in the continental shelf aredeemed to be owned by the State.6/15/2012 6
7. 6/15/2012 7
8. GEOLOGICAL MAP OF MYANMAR ( 2008 ) • Compilation and Digital Geological map of Myanmar based on the 1:1M scale (1977) was completed in 2008 and printed in 1: 1 million scale. • It was registered and copy right at the Myanmar registration office in 2008.6/15/2012 8
9. 92° 94° LO 96° 98° 100° 102° H IT TH RU DI A NJ I ST N AL 28° IN NT U 28° O MINERAL BELTS OF MYANMAR T FR HR ST US ST RU YAN RU TH T A LA TH T HI M A US A G T HR LS N IL NG H SA K IR DI 26° MI 26° G ON IL L IFT SH L UP A G NA CHINA M ani pur K GO EAU 24° 24° MO INDEX T PLA 22° Man dalay 22° N Tin- Tungsten Belts MT . V I C TOR IA M t. SH A D OME Popa Antimony Belts Lead – Zinc – S ilver- Copper Belts THR 20° 20° UST Gold- Copper- Iron Belts je ctiv RIDG E Nickel- Chromite- Copper- Gold- Platinum Belts TH AIL AND e)18° 18° T Iron – Manganese Belt EAS ( pro The Precious S tone Belts ETY Yan gon M awlamyin g NIN Oil- Gas and Coal Belts16° 16° ADAMAN S EA 2 00 km14° 14°12° 12°10° 92° 6/15/2012 94° 96° 98° 100° 10° 102° 9
10. 6/15/2012 10
11. Ferrous Metals in Myanmar6/15/2012 11
12. Non Ferrous Metals in Myanmar6/15/2012 12
13. Coal & Industrial Metals in Myanmar6/15/2012 13
14. 6/15/2012 14
15. Major Minerals Produced by the CountryMajor minerals produced and exported are - Cathode Copper, Refined Lead, Refined Silver, Zinc Concentrate, Refined Tin, Tin Concentrates, Tin-wolfram Mixed Concentrates and Coal6/15/2012 15
16. Major minerals produced for domestic consumptions are- Gold Iron and Steel Limestone Industrial Minerals and Barites Powder6/15/2012 16
17. Gemstones such as Rubies, Sapphire, colored gemstone andJade are also exported.Myanmar have held emporiums for Jade, Gems and Pearlssince 1964 with the pricing based on Foreign Currencies atleast twice a year. ( sell through tender or competitivebidding )6/15/2012 17
18. 1. In accord with the policy of the Ministry of Mines, our ministry is not making own investment, but to encourage foreign and local investors to invest in the mining sector.2. The investor can invest as a foreign direct investment (FDI) or joint investment with local company.3. For investors who would like to do exploration to confirm the reserve of a deposit or to start with the grassroots exploration operations in a virgin land , they may apply accordingly clearly stating their intentions. 6/15/2012 18
19. 4. Funds required to conduct the prospecting, exploration and feasibility study are borne by the investor 100% at his own risk.5. Ministry of Mines not allowed to export the raw ore.6. Investor should be made value added (or) mineral processing.7. Ministry encourage to establish the processing plants with the latest technologies. 6/15/2012 19
20. Procedures for the Foreign Investment in Mining Sector1. Foreign companies have to send letter of courtesy call to the Union Minister through the respective Embassy in Myanmar to Ministry of Foreign Affairs to the Ministry of Mines officially.2. The Union Minister or responsible officials will discuss the investment opportunities in mining sector mainly focus on mineral commodity and targeted area. 6/15/2012 20
21. 3. Site visit will be arranged if requested by the investors or company after technical discussion with responsible departments. Recommendation letter from the respective Embassy, letter of undertaking, tentative site visit schedule and passport copy are required to submit to the Ministry of Mines two week ahead.4. After the site visit, if the investor decided to invest in Myanmar, a proposal should submit to the Ministry of Mines and copy to relevant departments.5. Minerals prospecting, exploration and feasibility study are concerned to DGSE and other Mining Enterprises are responsible for mining operation and production stages. 6/15/2012 21
22. 6. The following documents should be included with the proposal: (a) Company Registration (b) Company Profile and other relevant facts about the company (c) Recommendation and endorsement of the respective Embassy in Myanmar (d) Financial Bank Statement (e) List of the Board of Directors (f) Initial work programme (g) Map of the proposed area with coordinates. 6/15/2012 22
23. 7. After getting the approval of the Ministry of Mines and the completion of all the require recommendation documents, the proposal and the Agreement Draft will send to the Myanmar Investment Commission ( MIC ) for Investment permit. 6/15/2012 23
24. Tax Regime in Mineral Sector6/15/2012 24
25. Dead Rent for one Square Km in Kyats Type Prospecting Exploration PeriodSr. of period Minerals 1st Yr 2nd Yr 1st Yr 2nd Yr 3rd Yr 4th Yr 5th Yr Industrial 1 Mineral (or) 50,000 100,000 100,000 200,000 400,000 600,000 800,000 Stone Metallic 2 100,000 200,000 200,000 400,000 800,000 1,200,000 1,600,000 Mineral Precious 3 Metallic 200,000 400,000 400,000 800,000 1,60,000 2,400,000 3,200,000 MineralRemark ;1. Extension Period subject to the approval of the Ministry or the Department 2. Exchange rate subject to daily exchange rate. 6/15/2012 25
26. Dead Rent for one Square Km in Kyats Feasibility Study Production Developing Period Type period Period Sr. of Minerals 1st Yr 2nd Yr 1st Yr 2nd Yr 3rd Yr 1-20 Yrs Industrial 1 Mineral (or) 800,000 1,200,000 1,400,000 1,600,000 2,000,000 2,000,000 Stone Metallic 2 1,600,000 1,600,000 1,800,000 2,100,000 2,400,000 3,000,000 Mineral Precious 3 Metallic 3,200,000 3,200,000 3,600,000 4,200,000 4,800,000 6,000,000 MineralRemark ;1. Extension Period subject to the approval of the Ministry or the Department 2. Exchange rate subject to daily exchange rate. 6/15/2012 26
27. RoyaltyAccording to Myanmar Mines Law For Metallic Minerals - 3 to 4 % For Precious Metallic Minerals - 4 to 5 % For Industrial Minerals - 1 to 3% For Ruby, Sapphire, Jade and Diamond - 20% For other Gems - 10 % Royalty is levied on value of mineral sold. It is a sale based royalty and not a production based royalty. 6/15/2012 27
28. Categories of Mining Permits1. Prospecting Permits - 1 yr2. Exploration Permits - 1 yr3. Feasibility Study - 1 yr4. Subsistence Mining Permits - 1 yr5. Small Scale Mining Permits - 5 yrs6. Large Scale Mining Permits - 25 yrs6/15/2012 28
29. Foreign Direct Investments(FDI) Enterprise Type ofSr. or Company Current status Location Mineral Dept:1. D.G.S.E Nobel Gold Gold and Exploration Bhamauk, Limited associated Sagaing Region (Russia ) minerals2. ME(1) (i) Conerstone Zinc Ore Production Shan State, Resources Minepon (Myanmar)Ltd Township (Australia) (ii) North Mining Ferronickle Feasibility Study Chin State, Investment Alloy Teetain Township, Co.,Ltd Hmewtaung Track (China) (iii) Asia Pacific Lead, Zinc , Feasibility Study Kantbalu - Wuntho Mining Ltd Copper, (Eastern Area) 6/15/2012 (China) Gold 29 Sagaing Region
30. Sr. Enterprise Company Type of Current Location or Mineral status Dept:5. ME(2) Myanmar 72% Tin Production Taninthayi Foreign Direct Investments(FDI) Ponepipet Co.,Ltd (Thai Land) Concentrate Region, Dawe Township, Heinda Mine6. ME(3) (i) Myanmar Ferro Nickel Developing Thabeikkyin CNMC Nickel Township, Co.,Ltd Mandalay ( China) Region Hteechaik Township, Sagaing Region (ii) Simco Song Marble Developing Nayputaung, Da Joint Stock Taungkoke Company Township, ( Viet Nam) Rakhine State 6/15/2012 30
31. 1. At present, Myanmar practice the production sharing contract ( P.S.C ) system.2. Our own Mines are already transferred to Private Companies.3. It is the policy of the Ministry of Mines not to make investment on its own, but to encourage foreign and local investors to invest with the advanced technologies.4. Well known deposits are already occupied by local Companies . So, Foreign Investor should be started from Grassroots Exploration.5. You are warmly welcome to invest in Mining Sector. 6/15/2012 31
32. Thank you very much for your kind attention. Ministry of Mines, Myanmar6/15/2012 32

Investment Opportunities in Mining Sector in Myanmar from Ye Phone Hlaing

Myanmar mineral-resources-presentation-2013

1. 2/18/2013 1 1 Dr Ye MyintSwe Director General DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGICAL SURVEY AND MINERAL EXPLORATION MINISTRY OF MINES Regional Tectonic setting of Myanmar as a result of collision between Indian and -Asian plates
2. 2/18/2013 2 3 Record in Myanmar and the Andaman Sea for the Cenozoic oblique convergence of India along Sundaland GIAC (Geodynamics of India Asian Collision) Project work in this region during recent decade.
3. 2/18/2013 3 5 Central Magmatic Belt Rakhine Coastal Strip Jade Mine belt Hukaung Basin Tagaung-Myitkyina belt Mogok Metamorphic Belt Shan –Thai Block includes Precambrian to Cretaceous rocks with Slate belt and Mogok Metamorphic belt to the west. This province is southeast continuation of Tibet Plateau. Central Tertiary sedimentary basins with oil-gas and coal occurrences. The N-S trending Central Magatic Belt at the centre. Western Ranges- fold-thrust belt with Chin flysch. Western Ranges and Central Lowlands includes northern continuation of Sunda arc. GENERALIZED GEOLOGICAL CROSS-SECTION ACROSS MYANMAR
4. 2/18/2013 4 7 Three modes of earthquake generation in the Andaman Sea (Schematic tectonic cross-section along Lat 11˚N) ANDAMAN SEA Volcanism TFTF Earthquakes Earthquakes Active spreading and transform faulting (TF) THAILAND EW INDIAN OCEAN Subduction Sunda Trench Basalt Subducting Slab ASTHENOSPHERE Over-riding slab (Basalt) Melting (to form magma) ASTHENOSPHERE Granite 9283 84 85 86 94 95 96 93 102 EA I B F K O C G K H L E I B F C G D H A E F J B K O L P I M D H L E I F G H L E I F J N M P O K FBN I M A E I M PL D GCOKG P D M N O P C G D H C B F A E H L J I M J N K L N M J K J Sittwe 020 20 40 60 80 100 Mile SCALE N 98 1009694 98 28 26 27 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 14 13 12 10 92 93 95 11 10 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 1021019997959392 15 Magway Pyay Taungoo Loikaw YangonPathein Mawlamyine Dawei Myeik Kawthaung Muse Bhamo Banmauk Falam Mawlaik Myitkyina Putao Kawlin Pyinmana Paan 11 19 INDEX Mapping before 1996 Mapping after 1996 to 2011 UNDP GSEP 1974- 78/ JV 1996 Columbo 1973 - 75 ECAM 1980-84 GSI Data Taunggyi Tachileik Kengtung Mandalay Monywa Lashio Image Interpretation 1977 Data STATUS OF GEOLOGICAL MAPPING Area extent of Myanmar – 261227 sq miles Geological mapping area(on ground) ~70% Geological mapping(by the aid of Aerial Photos & RS-GIS techniques) ~30%
5. 2/18/2013 5 Geological Map of Myanmar (1977) Geological Map Of Myanmar (2008), NINETYEAST RIDGE (projective) Yangon THR UST ADAMAN SEA SHAN PLATEAU MT. VICTORIA DOME NAGA H ILLS Manipur CHINA THAILAND INDIA HIMALAYAN FRONTAL THRUST IN JU TH RU ST Mt. Popa LOHIT THRUST THRUST THRUST DIS ANG N A G A SH IL LONG MIKIR UPLIFT 200 km 92° 10° 12° 14° 16° 18° 20° 22° 24° 26° 28° 92° 94° 96° 98° 100° 102° 94° 96° 98° 100° 102° N 10° 12° 14° 16° 18° 20° 22° 24° 26° 28° MOGOK Mandalay Mawlamying Tin- Tungsten Belts Antimony Belts Lead – Zinc – Silver- Copper Belts Gold- Copper- Iron Belts Ni-Cr-Cu-Au-Pt Belts Iron – Manganese Belt The Precious Stone Belts Oil- Gas and Coal Belts MINERAL PROVINCES OF MYANMAR 10 In Myanmar, Mineral occurrences include 1. Metallic ore minerals Iron & metals for steel alloys- Fe, Mn, Cr, Ni, Mo Base & non-ferrous metals – Pb, Zn, Cu, Sn, W, Sb & Ti Precious & rare metals- PGM, Au, Ag, Nb, Ta 2.Industrial minerals & non-metallic raw minerals Chemical & fertilizer minerals- Barite, fluorite, Gypsum, rock salt Ceramic & refractory minerals- clay, limestone, dolomite, feldspar, quartz, glass sand Construction & building materials- Decorative stones, road materials, limestone for cement 3. Preceous & semi-precious Gemstones Ruby, Sapphire, Jade, Diamond, etc 4. Fuel minerals (oil, natural gas, oil shale, coal,
6. 2/18/2013 6 Putao Myitkyina Bhamo Mawlaik Yangon Mawlamyaing Dawei Myeik Kawthaung Taungoo Pyay Monywa Mandalay Kengtung Sittwe Pathein 94° 28° 92° Muse CHINA LAOS THAILAND INDIA BayofBengal Lashio Taunggyi Loikaw Gulf of Matabin INDEX Magwe Sumprabum Shwegu Tanaing Mongmit Thabeikkyin Mabein Pyinmana Yamethin Letpadan Shwekyin Kyaikto Kawlin Pinlebu Homalin Hpa An Sagaing Haka 96° 98° 100° 102° 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° 28° 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° 94°92° 96° 98° 100° 102° Lead Zinc Silver N 020 20 40 60 80 100 MILES DISTRIBUTION OF LEAD-ZINC-SILVER DEPOSIT Panwa (Kachin) Pb,Zn -1.06% 12.5 million (Possible) Bawdwin (Shan North) Pb,Zn -5% 12.8 million (Probable) Yadanatheingi (Shan North) Bawsaing (Shan North)Paungdaw (Mandalay) Mawhki (Kayin) Zn - 0.3% 0.332 million (Possible) LonChein(Shan South) Zn - 36% 0.234million (Possible) Phaleng(Shan North) 12 Lead-Zinc-Silver Deposits -more than 100 occurrences of Pb-Zn-Silver mineralization in Myanmar -mineralization occurs as five different styles 1. Volcanogenic massive sulphides type(VMS) at Bawdwin mine 2. Massissippi valley type deposit at Bawsaing mine 3. Cavity filling vein-type in Yadanatheingi mine 4. in veins and skarn type near the contact between granitic rock and marble at Phaungdaw mine 5. Zinc carbonate deposit (secondary deposit) at Long Hken mine
7. 2/18/2013 7 13 Phaungdaw Bawdwin Panwa Bawsaing Panwa Bawdwin Phaungdaw Bawsaing Yadanatheingi Longhken Yadanatheingi Lead deposits zinc deposits Bawdwin Mine The LargLargest Lead-Zinc-SilverMine in Myanmar
8. 2/18/2013 8 15 Marmion Shaft 00 (Above sea level 1000m) Tiger Tunnel Bawsaing Pb‐Zn Mine, Southern Shan State
9. 2/18/2013 9 • Tin-tungsten (primary, eluvial, alluvial types) associated with Mesozoic (mainly Jurassic) and Tertiary granite belt Mawchi Yangon Myitkyina Yangon Mawlamyine Dawei Myeik Kawthoung Loikaw Taunggyi Mandalay Kengtong 020 20 40 60 80 100 MIl es 98 1009694 28 26 27 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 14 13 12 11 92 94 96 98 100 102 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 10292 15 Lashio Tachileik Muse Index Tin & Tungsten 19 10 C H IN A INDIA L A O S THAILAND Bay ofBengal Gulf of Mottama N Kanbauk Harmyingyi Palaw Tanintharyi Thabawleikgyi Bokpyin Lenya Karathuri Maliwun Lampi Island Yay Paung Pyinmana Mawchi Namhkam Mongyawng Kazat Hpa-An Monghsat Western Granitoid Belt ‐Cretaceous to Lower Eocene ‐characterized by high‐level intrusions associated with Porphyry Cu (Au) related, younger volcanics ‐emplaced as a magmatic‐ volcanic arc GRANITOID BELTS & Sn-W OCCURENCES OF MYANMAR (after Khin Zaw ,1990) Central Granitoid Belt ‐Upper Cretaceous to Lower Eocene ‐characterized by mesozonal plutons associated with vein type Sn‐W deposits ‐associated with abundant pegmatites and aplites and rare co‐magmatic volcanics Eastern Granitoid Belt ‐? Triassic ‐characterized by medium to coarsely porphyritic ‐mesozonal and Sn‐W bearing granites 18 Tin-tungsten Deposits -one of the most important mineral resources in Myanmar -occurs along the granitic belt in SE Asia peninsula (distributed over more than 1200 Km in Myanmar with more prominent in Tungsten toward the north, -passing through the Tanintharyi Division, Kayin, Mon, Kayah & Shan states and east of Pyinmana. -Tin-tungsten ores occur in close association with granitoids and related pneumatolytic rocks emplaced during Jurassic, Cretaceous and possibly Triassic. The country rocks of these intrusive masses consist of the clastic Mergui Series, Taungnyo Group, Mawchi Series and Lebyin Group. -Most of the cassiterite is mined from placers while tungsten is mined from hard rock veins.
10. 2/18/2013 10 Myitkyina Yangon Mawlamyine Dawei Myeik Kawthoung Loikaw Taunggyi Mandalay Kengtong 020 20 40 60 80 100 MIl es 98 1009694 28 26 27 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 14 13 12 11 92 94 96 98 100 102 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 10292 15 Lashio Tachileik Muse Index Tin & Tungsten 19 10 C H IN A INDIA L A O S THAILAND BayofBengal Gulf of Mottama N Kanbauk Harmyingyi Palaw Tanintharyi Thabawleikgyi Bokpyin Lenya Karathuri Maliwun Lampi Island Yay Paung Pyinmana Mawchi Namhkam Mongyawng Kazat Hpa-An Monghsat DISTRIBUTION OF TIN - TUNGSTEN DEPOSITS Heinze (Placer) Kanbauk ( Primary/ Placer) Hermyingyi (Primary) Heinda (Placer tin deposit) KyaukmeTaung, Pagaye(Placer) Theindaw(Placer) Manawlon(Placer) Atwin Bokpyin (Placer) Mawchi (Primary) Padatchaung (Primary) Tin- Tungsten occurrences= 480 Sn-W deposits, mainly associated with granitic intrusions along the tanintharyi and western margin of shan plateau Hermyingyi Sn-W mine, Dawei
11. 2/18/2013 11 Heinda mine, Dawei Bucket Dredger in Tin- tungsten mining Mawchi Sn-W mine, Kayah State
12. 2/18/2013 12 Mineralized vein, Mawchi mine (Loc: Level‐4, vein no.15) Tourmaline segregation granite granite Putao Myitkyina Bamo Mawlaik YANGON Mawlamyaing Dawei Kawthaung Pyay Monywa Mandalay Kengtung Haka Sittwe Pathein 98 1009694 28 26 24 22 20 18 16 14 12 92 94 96 98 100 102 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 10292 Tachileik CHIN A LAOS THAILAND INDIA BayofBengal Mabein Lashio Taunggyi Loikaw N Gulf of Matabin Magwe INDEX Shwegu Sumprabum Kawlin Taguang Kyaukme Pangyan MaingyaungYatsauk Kyaukse Laymyetna Sinbo Sawlawt Muse Salingyi Hpa An Copper Thabeikkyin Hkamti Homalin 10 Sagaing Myeik Linkay Pyawbwe Kutkhaing 020 20 40 60 80 100 MILE DITRIBUTION OF COPPER DEPOSITS Sinbo- NankesanKyesinTaung Cu - 0.77 % 66.5 million (Possible) Shangalon Cu -0.23 % 9 million (Possible) SabeTaung & south Cu - 0.7 to1.01 % 27.86 million (Possible) Letpadaung Cu - 0.4 % 1478 million (Possible) Laymyetna Cu - 0.8 to 2 % 0.28 million (Possible) Sabe Taung Cu - 1.51 % 0.88 million (Possible) Kweeight Taung Panmakut Manna Panpwe KyaukTaung Potential area -more than 50 occurrences copper mineralization in Myanmar -The copper mineralization within the central volcanic arc started from Mt. Popa and passes through lower Chindwin area where the volcanics are hosted to the porphyry copper deposits at the Sabe Taung, Kyesin Taung, & Lepadaung Taung, Monywa.
13. 2/18/2013 13 Copper district geology 252/18/2013 26 Monywa Copper Mine (open-pit mine)
14. 2/18/2013 14 27 Cathode Copper from Monywa Putao Myitkyina Bhamo Mawlaik Yangon Mawlamyaing Dawei Myeik Kawthaung Taungoo Pyay Monywa Mandalay Kengtung Sittwe Pathein 94 28° 92° Muse CHINA LAOS THAI INDIA BayofBengal Lashio Taunggyi Loikaw N Gulf of Matabin INDEX Gold (Primary) Magwe Sumprabum Shwegu Tanaing Mongmit Thabeikkyin Mabein Pyinmana Yamethin Letpadan Shwekyin Kyaikto Kawlin Pinlebu Homalin Gold (Placer) Hpa An Sagaing Haka Platinum 96 98 100 102 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° 28° 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° 94°92° 96° 98° 100° 102° DISTRIBUTION OF GOLD- PLATINUM DEPOSITS Shadusuik (Kachin) Pt + Pd Ngagyan (Kachin) Pt + Pd Namma- Kangon (Kachin) Au - 0.13 gm/cu-yd 1.05 million Cu. Yd(Possible) Wakan- Tanaing (Kachin) Au - 0.04 gm/cu-yd 0.023 million Cu. Yd (Possible) Shangalon (Sagaing) Au - 1.4-12 ppm 0.02 million (Possible) Kyaukpahto Au - 3 ppm 6 million tons (Probable) Kwinthonse (Mandalay) Au - 2-4 ppm 1.4 million (Probable) Phayaungtaung (Mandalay) Au - 4 ppm 3.7 million (Probable) Moedi Taung (Mandalay) Au - 15- 27 ppm Shwegyin (Bago) Au - 0.1-0.35 gm/yd3 1.2 million Cu.yd. (Probable) Pyinmana (Mandalay) Meyongyi (Mon State)
15. 2/18/2013 15 29 (1) Mesothermal gold-quartz lode, porphyry style Cu-Au & its related Epithermal Au along the central magmatic arc. (2) Sediment-hosted epithermal Au mineralization along the Sagaing fault zone. (3) Mesothermal and epithermal gold mineralization in Tagaung Myitkyina belt (4) Au(Cu) skarn & Mesothermal veins in marble, gneiss and granite within the Mogok metamorphic belt (5) Slate belt style Mesothermal gold-quartz veins in Chaung Magyi & Mergui Groups. PRIMARY GOLD DEPOSITS/OCCURRENCES IN MYANMAR 30 PRESENT SITUATION OF THE KYAUKPAHTO GOLD MINE, LOOKING SOUTH
16. 2/18/2013 16 stockwork quartz veining in massive sandstone, Kyaukpahto mine banded quartz vein in gritty sandstone, Kyaukpahto mine silicified breccia ore, KPD-3, 11.6-m depth quartz vein in clay-altered sandstone Geologic cross- section, 10375 mN Line, Kyaukpahto mine Gold distribution, 10375 mN Line
17. 2/18/2013 17 Moditaung gold mine Segment of Au-bearing quartz vein on 950m level at Htongyitaung, 40cm@11 g/t, looking SE. 2/18/2013 33 • Coarse visible gold commonly present in veins assaying over 30g/t Au • Gold not encapsulated in pyrite. • Gold is frequently observed in hand specimens in both the oxide and sulphide zones. laminated book & ribbon vein. 77cm@122 to 575g/t below oxide zone. Htongyi Taung 950m level Putao Myitkyina Bhamo Mawlaik Yangon Mawlamyaing Dawei Myeik Kawthaung Taungoo Pyay Monywa Mandalay Kengtung Sittwe Pathein 28° Muse CHINA LAOS THAILAND INDIA BayofBengal Lashio Taunggyi Loikaw Gulf of Matabin INDEX Magwe Sumprabum Shwegu Tanaing Mongmit Thabeikkyin Mabein Pyinmana Yamethin Letpadan Shwekyin Kyaikto Kawlin Pinlebu Homalin Hpa An Sagaing Haka 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° 28° 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° Iron IRON Putao Myitkyina Bhamo Yangon Mawlamyaing Dawei Myeik Kawthaung Pyay Monywa Mandalay Kengtung Sittwe Pathein 28° Muse CHINA LAOS THAILAND INDIA BayofBengal Lashio Taunggyi Loikaw Gulf of Matabin INDEX Magwe Sumprabum Shwegu Tanaing Thabeikkyin Mabein Yamethin Letpadan Kawlin Homalin Hpa An Sagaing Haka 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° 28° 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° 94°92° 96° 98° 100° 102° Manganese N Tachileik Monghpayak Manganese
18. 2/18/2013 18 Putao Myitkyina Bhamo Mawlaik Yangon Mawlamyaing Dawei Myeik Kawthaung Taungoo Pyay Monywa Mandalay Kengtung Sittwe Pathein 94° 28° 92° Muse CHINA LAOS THAILAND INDIA BayofBengal Lashio Taunggyi Loikaw Gulf of Matabin INDEX Magwe Sumprabum Shwegu Tanaing Mongmit Thabeikkyin Mabein Pyinmana Yamethin Letpadan Shwekyin Kyaikto Kawlin Pinlebu Homalin Hpa An Sagaing Haka 96° 98° 100° 102° 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° 28° 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° 94°92° 96° 98° 100° 102° Iron 020 20 40 60 80 100 MILES DISTRIBUTION OF IRON DEPOSITS Kathaing Taung (Kachin) Fe -50.56 % 223 million (Probable)`` Lamaung (Kachin) Fe -51.54% 8.9 million (Probable) Kantawyan(Kachin) Fe -49-69% 2.354 million (Possible) Sanleik (Kachin) Lim. 10 million (Potential) Taungkaton Taung (Kachin) Fe -37- 45 % 2.3million (Potential) TaungNyo Taung (Kachin) Fe -40.67 % 18.9 million (Potential) Haemaung (Kachin) Fe -45.93 % 1.1 million (Potential) Kho Island (Tanintharyi) Fe -46.05 % 7.6 million (Probable) Iron Maputae Island (Tanintharyi) Fe -42 % 1 million (Probable) Kanmaw Island(Tanintharyi) Fe -36 % 21.2 million (Probable) Minlan Thanseik, ShweGyin (Bago) Fe -28-56.7 %(Lim,) 75.53 million (Possible) Kyatwinye, Inya (Mandalay) Fe- 54 % 3.7+ 4.5 million (Probable) Pinpet (Shan South) Fe -56.4 %( He,Lim) 80 million (Probable) Mongkannwe (Shan East) Fe -39- 66 % 21.5 million (Potential) Putao Myitkyina Bhamo Yangon Mawlamyaing Dawei Myeik Kawthaung Pyay Monywa Mandalay Kengtung Sittwe Pathein 94° 28° 92° Muse CHINA LAOS THAILAND IND IA BayofBengal Lashio Taunggyi Loikaw Gulf of Matabin INDEX Magwe Sumprabum Shwegu Tanaing Thabeikkyin Mabein Yamethin Letpadan Kawlin Homalin Hpa An Sagaing Haka 96° 98° 100° 102° 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° 28° 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° 94°92° 96° 98° 100° 102° Manganese N 020 20 40 60 80 100 MILES Tachileik Monghpayak DISTRIBUTION OF MANGANESE DEPOSITS Powel Island(Tanintharyi) Mn - 27% 2.8 million (Probable) Wansalot (Shan East) Mn - 14% 0.135 million (Possible) Kyaukpadaung (Mandalay) Monpyin (Shan South) Tar Pin (Shan East) Mn - 6.6% 0.65 million (Possible) Wansaw -Wanpaing (Shan East) Mn - 12.53% 4.95 million (Possible) Manganese Occurrences= 52 Areye (Shan East) Mn - 25% 1 million (Possible)
19. 2/18/2013 19 Putao Myitkyina Bhamo Mawlaik Yangon Mawlamyaing Dawei Myeik Kawthaung Taungoo Pyay Monywa Mandalay Kengtung Sittwe Pathein 94° 28° 92° Muse CHINA LAOS THAILAND INDIA BayofBengal Lashio Taunggyi Loikaw Gulf of Matabin INDEX Magwe Sumprabum Shwegu Tanaing Mongmit Thabeikkyin Mabein Pyinmana Yamethin Letpadan Shwekyin Kyaikto Kawlin Pinlebu Homalin Hpa An Sagaing Haka 96° 98° 100° 102° 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° 28° 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° 94°92° 96° 98° 100° 102° Nickel N Chromite 020 20 40 60 80 100 MILES DISTRIBUTION OF CHROMITE OCCURRENCES Chromite Occurrences = 43 DISTRIBUTION OF NICKEL DEPOSITS Putao Myitkyina Bhamo Mawlaik Katha Yangon Mawlamyine Dawei Kawthaung Taungoo Pyay Taunggyi Loikaw Monywa Mandalay Kengtung Haka Sittwe Pathain 020 20 40 60 100 miles80 98º 100º96º94º 28º 26º 24º 22º 20º 18º 16º 14º 12º 10º 102º92º Lashio Magwe Tachileik Muse INDEX N THAI LAO INDIA CHINA Tiddin Kale Shwegu Tagaung Gangaw Saw Sidoktaya Ngape Mindon ausmu fyef;awmi f; Nickel Hopin Hpa-An Bago Sagaing Myeik Bokpyin 98º 100º96º94º 102º92º 28º 26º 24º 22º 20º 18º 16º 14º 12º 10º MWETAUNG Ni- 1.19% 110 mt (Probable) MAUNGDAW-NANMADAW Ni- 0.41% 0.49 mt (Possible) MINDINKYIN Ni- 0.45% 0.02 mt (Possible) UKINTAUNG,HKAKYINTAUNG Ni- 0.4% 0.046 mt (Possible) INDAWGYI Ni- 0.41% 5.0 mt (Possible) TAUNGGADON Ni- 0.67% 0.028 mt Possible) TAGAUNGTAUNG Ni- 2.06% 40 mt (Possible) Nickel Occurrences =14 Ni-Cr mineralization occurs in close association with ultramafic igneous rocks emplaced during LateCretaceous-Early Eocene. At Mwetaung & Tagaung Taung, the deposits have formed as a result of tropical weathering of ultramafic rocks (Ni laterite deposits) Cromite deposits are of widespread occurrences in Myanmar being related to N-S trending ophiolite lines.
20. 2/18/2013 20 Tagaung Nickel Project Nickel laterite mine site Processing Plant Resource estimation- 40 mt with ~ 2.0 % Ni TAGAUNGTAUNG Ni- 2.06% 40 mt (Possible) Putao Myitkyina Bhamo Mawlaik Yangon Mawlamyaing Dawei Myeik Kawthaung Taungoo Pyay Monywa Mandalay Kengtung Sittwe Pathein 94° 28° 92° Muse CHINA LAOS THAILAND INDIA BayofBengal Lashio Taunggyi Loikaw Gulf of Matabin INDEX Magwe Sumprabum Shwegu Tanaing Mongmit Thabeikkyin Mabein Pyinmana Yamethin Letpadan Shwekyin Kyaikto Kawlin Pinlebu Homalin Hpa An Sagaing Haka 96° 98° 100° 102° 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° 28° 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° 94°92° 96° 98° 100° 102° Antimony 020 20 40 60 80 100 MIles DISTRIBUTION OF ANTIMONY DEPOSITS Konsut,Kayah Peinchit,Kayah Laga,Kayin Thabyu,Mon Lebyin,Mandalay Nahok,Shan Mong Inn,Shan Kadaik, Mon Liharmyar, Hopone Antimony depositsAntimony deposits -More than 140 occurrences of stibnite and other sb-bearing minerals are known in Myanmar. -The majority of antimony mineralization occurs in the late Paleozoic carbonates (Triassic to Permian in age) & also in the late Pleozoic clastic sediments of the Mergui series. -generally found in veins or lenses, or both. -So far, the best known antimony deposit s are at Thabyu, Kayin State, near Thai Border. The ore is reported to be of high grade.
21. 2/18/2013 21 Antimony mine, Hopone area, Shan State Myintkyina Mawleik YANGON DaweI Mandalay KengTong Sattwe 28° 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 92° 94° 96 ° 98° 100° 102° 10° 12° 14° 16° 18° 20° 22° 24° 26° 28° CHIN A THAILAND INDIA Lashio Taunggyi N ANDAMAN SEA Taninthari Saw Kawlin Hsipaw Tanyang Kyesi Tigyit MongTon TasuLrtpanhla Myeik Kalewa Kawthaung LAOS Bhamo Ingapu Putao Basin HukaungBasin Lwejel Basin Chindwin Basin Lashio Basin KyaingtonBasin Ingapu Basin Tigyit Basin Banchaung Basin Tanintharyi Basin Karathuri Basin Coal Basin Kyesi- Mansan Basin Tamakam Basin MongHsat Basin HticheyaBasin Loikaw Basin LEGEND Naungcho Basin Shwegu-Mabein Basin MongtonBasin TachileikBasin MongHkat Basin Kalaw Namsan Basin ShweboBasin Shwebo Minbu-SalinBasin Kalaw Pinlaung Basin Putao Myitkyina Mawleik YANGON Moulmein Dawe Kawthaung Mandalay Khaington Sittwe 60 28 26 24 14 12 92 94 96 98 100 102 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 Lashio Taunggyi N ADAMAN SEA Magwe ausmufrD;aoG; Saw Pauk Kalewa Kawlin Hsipaw Kyethi Tigyit Maington Myeik Mankat Tanintharyi COAL BASINS OF MYANMAR COAL OCCURRENCES IN MYANMAR COAL Over 300 Coal occurrences were being found 184 Coal deposits were being estimated to be 480 mt
22. 2/18/2013 22 Coal fields, Kalewa-Mawleik area Coal exposures, Kalewa-Mawleik area Kalaywa Coal Mine Namma Coal Mine
23. 2/18/2013 23 Myitkyina Putao Mogok Bamah Nyaungcho Lashio Katha Monywa MandalaySagaing Taunggyi Kyaingtong Loikaw Magwe Pathein Bago Yangon Paan Mawlamyaing Dawe Myeik Kawthaung Haka Kawlin Manpan Pyay Sittwe Tachileik Clay Baryte Bauxite Phosphate Kyunhla Kalaw Pindaya Linkhay Yemathin CLAY, BARYTE, BAUXITE AND PHOSPHATE N INDIA C H IN A L A O S THAILAND BayofBengal Gulf of Mottama Index Gypsum 98 1009694 10292 98° 100°96°94° 102°92° 28° 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° 28° 26° 24° 22° 20° 18° 16° 14° 12° 10° Mawlamyine Yangon Bago Myeik Kawthoung Dawei Tanintharyi Kengtong Tachileik Mongphyat Kwanlon Lashio Bhamo Mindon Ngape Loikaw Magwe Mandalay Sagaing Kyaukse Pindaya Pyinmana Pha-an Hlaingbwe Shwekyin TaunggyiKalaw Myitkyina Putao Sumprabum Mawlaik Sinbo Shwegu Sittwe Yinmabin GangawHaka Thabeikkyin Khin-U Tetain Kyaukphyu Gwa Kyankhin Pyay Pathein Ngaputaw GYPSUM M yeik 92H 102 94H 96H 100H 102H 10H 12H 14H 16H 18H 20H 22H 24H 26H 28H 10H 12H 14H 16H 18H 20H 22H 24H 26H 28H L ashio T aunggyi K yaukse M on ywa B am or Muse K yaington M ag we L oikaw Pyinm ana M yitk yina P utaO T itein H aka S ittwe P yawb we P yi P and aung P athein Yangon B ago Mawlamyaing Da we K awthaung ADAM AN SEA BAYOFBANGAL INDEX L imesto ne LAOST achileik CHINA INDIA K unlong K atha T heikbeikk yin K yaukpyu THAILAND P aan M andalay LIMESTONE Lime stone deposits = 452
24. 2/18/2013 24 47 Mogok Ruby , Sapphire Shan-Thai Block Rakhine Coastal Strip Jade Mine area Amber Mongshu Ruby Gemstones of Myanmar Mogok gemstone tract : Ruby, sapphire and spinel occur as primary minerals in marble, calc-silicates and as well as obtained from placers in eluvial and alluvial sediments. Jade mine area: Jadeite-albite dykes and veins intruded into serpentinite bodies at the Tawmaw- Lonkin area, Burmese amber (Burmite): The major occurrences are located in the Hukwng valley - -other ruby occurrences are Nayaseik and Pyinlon.504.5cts ruby 2/18/2013 48 Jade sale in mid. Year Emporium, 2009
25. 2/18/2013 25 2/18/2013 49 Jade mine site, Phakant 2/18/2013 50 Jade mine (Aerial View)
26. 2/18/2013 26 RUBY from Mogok Gemstone Tract Mongshu Ruby Mine site
27. 2/18/2013 27 2013/2/18 uefUowf 53 RUBY, Mid. Year Emporium,2011 Sapphire from Mogok Gemstone Tract Assorted Gemstones from Mogok Area 54
28. 2/18/2013 28 2/18/2013 55 MINERAL POLICYMINERAL POLICY To boost up present production To invite participation in terms of technical know-how and investment from sources within the country and abroad to fulfill the domestic requirements and to increase export by producing more mineral products; Conclusion Myanmar - within the complex tectonic zone of active obloique convergent between Asian and Indian plates exhibits the great diversity of geology, Physiography, structural deformation and as well as episodic mineralization events and various mineral commodities. The mineral resources include Sn-W, base metals to precious to rare metals, industrial raw minerals, jade & gemstones, and as well as coal , oil &gas. But most of them are needed to be explored and proved systematically. We hope there’ll be more cooperation between Myanmar and Your Country in the near future. 56

Myanmar mineral-resources-presentation-2013 from MYO AUNG Myanmar

Myanmar's Mining Industry Dr. Neal Reynolds Director Exploration & Evaluation CSA Global Realities and Visions for the Future

1. Myanmar’s Mining Industry www.csaglobal.com 1 Dr. Neal Reynolds Director Exploration & Evaluation CSA Global 18/11/2014 Realities and Visions for the Future
2. Introduction Assessment of realities and future challenges for the Myanmar mining industry based on: • More than 14 years experience in Myanmar; • More than 20 years experience in mainland SE Asia; • Breadth of experience from project generation through exploration to m

ining CSA Global • International mining industry consultancy with offices in Perth, Brisbane, Jakarta, London, Johannesburg, Vancouver, and Moscow; • Provides geological and engineering services across the industry spectrum from regional exploration to feasibility and mining; • Specialist expertise in SE Asia with extensive project experience in all the ASEAN countries.
3. Flashback! PDAC Toronto March 2003 • First green shoots of the 2000’s mining boom at the largest global mining industry convention • SE Asia forum – CSA presentation on Myanmar • Followed apparent liberalisation moves in 2002 • False dawn and the investment door slammed shut again in 2004
4. Flashback! PDAC Toronto March 2003 WHAT IS DIFFERENT THIS TIME? DO RECENT CHANGES BRING A REAL OPPORTUNITY FOR DEVELOPMENT OF A MODERN MINING INDUSTRY IN MYANMAR, OR ANOTHER FALSE DAWN?
5. Myanmar Mining Industry - Historical • The Golden Land – production of gold, silver, copper, lead, etc. from ancient times • Rubies and jade – Mogok and Hpakant • Important trade routes between India and China
6. British Colonial Period c. 1824—1948 Lead, Zinc and Silver • Bawdwin Mine and Nam Tu smelter – 1918-38; major producer of Pb, Zn, and Ag • Bawsaing district Pb-Ag and barite Tin and Tungsten (SE Asia Tin Belt) • Tenasserim – Heinda, Hermingyi, etc.; extensive (palaeo) alluvial production, limited hard-rock mining • Mawchi W-Sn narrow-vein mine Gold • Small scale, alluvial and hard rock • Kyaukpazat district Oil – Burmah Oil Company Mawchi Tungsten Mine, 2012 Bawdwin Mine
7. Independence & Nationalisation 1948-1988 • Post-war and post- independence ongoing decline in mine production from colonial levels • 1963 nationalisation and socialist period; Mining Enterprises established • 1970’s Colombo plan/UN-aided mapping and exploration • Monywa – Yugoslavia-Myanmar RTB Bor-ME1 joint venture began operations in 1985 • Kyaukpahto Au deposit discovered c. 1980 and developed with Yugoslav assistance from 1982 to 1993 • Both operations were failures From Myanmar government website, 2003
8. Exploration “Mini-boom” 1994-1997 • New Investment law (1988) and Mining Law (1994). • Mid-90’s tender-block rounds. • Industry enthusiasm amidst the global boom – exploration and mining interest and investment by majors (Newmont), mid-tiers (Ivanhoe) but mostly by juniors. • Monywa – Ivanhoe re-opened the mine in 1998 under a 50:50 JV with ME1 as modern heap-leach SX-EW operation producing 25,000 tpa cathode copper upgraded to 40,000 tpa in 2004 • Kyaukpahto – short-lived investment by Newmont. • First modern exploration in Myanmar, but limited in scope and extent. • Terminated by 1997-1998 global exploration industry collapse and prolonged subsequent downturn. • Cyanide ban introduced Kysintaung open-pit and leach pads, Monywa SX-EW copper cathode production, Monywa
9. Resources “Super-cycle” 2004—2011 • Momentum for political liberalisation in Myanmar reversed in 2004 just as the “super-cycle” gathered pace • Sanctions and changes in regulations militated against foreign investment – e.g. Commercial Tax and Production Sharing Contracts • Investment effectively ceased; Ivanhoe pulled out of Monywa in 2007 and lost the Modi Taung Gold project • Mining Enterprise mines and projects privatised – local companies (e.g. Asia World, Eternal Mining) with or without Asian or Russian JV partners • Chinese investment focused on known deposits, e.g. Tagaung Taung Ni laterite, Monywa, Bawdwin, Nam Tu slags; also Russian, Thai etc. investors Kyaukpahto Mine, 2004 COMEX Cu 1993-2012
10. Current Realities • Myanmar missed the mining boom(s) and remains almost entirely unexplored • Requirement for Production Sharing Contracts, high rental rates, short licence terms etc. make risk investment in exploration commercially untenable • Underdeveloped mining industry relative to potential  Production remains at a very low level in terms of quantity and quality  Monywa (now Chinese-controlled) is still the only significant modern mining operation in the country; planned Letpadaung development and expansion to 200,000 tpa Cu has not yet occurred  Tagaung Taung Ni project also Chinese owned • Political change and broadly favourable 2012 Foreign Investment Law – renewed mining investment interest but no MIC licences issued for exploration/mining • 1994 Mining Law still in place and can provide a framework for acceptable “Contract of Work” based exploration title  but more changes are needed to attract serious explorers Gegalaw artisanal gold mining and cyanide leaching, 2009
11. Future – Realising the Potential? • Irreversible political change has occurred • New discoveries and development requires risk investment • Minimal past exploration means there is no pipeline of development projects; need to incentivise high-risk investment in high-risk brownfields and greenfields exploration • Attracting foreign risk investment requires changes to the Mining Law and regulations  PSC’s, signature bonus, high rental rates etc. v. terms that encourage exploration dollars in the ground and new discovery  Promote high-risk investment and attract quality technically-focused explorers  Improve Mines Department capacity to transparently administer licensing system Gegalaw artisanal gold mine, 2009 • Minimal past exploration enhances opportunities for shallow discovery  For what commodities? Where?  What is the real mineral potential of Myanmar and, with investment, can it underpin a modern mining industry?
12. Mineral Potential and Tectonic Setting • SE Asia comprises a collage of tectonic plates separated from Gondwana and accreted to Asia from the Cambrian to the Cenozoic. • Understanding mineral potential is directly related to:  Understanding this tectonic evolution and related metallogeny  Understanding deposit preservation potential related to uplift and erosion, especially for epithermal Au and porphyry Cu systems • Provides the basis for target belt prioritisation • Knowledge from the surrounding region can be used, especially where limited information in Myanmar • Significant metallic deposits of Cu, Au, Zn- Pb-Ag, and Sn-W exist within the country or in metallogenic belts that run into the country Jiama Cu-Mo-Au Chatree Au Yulong Cu-Mo-Au Monywa Cu Davoy Sn-W Bawdwin Pb-Zn-Ag Sopokomil Zn-Pb Kinta Valley Sn-W Sepon Cu, Au Phukham Cu-Au Laocang Zn-Pb-Cu-Ag
13. Gold Potential • Permo-Triassic volcanic arc belt, Eastern Shan State  Epithermal potential; Mae Chan etc. in Thailand  Gold-rich VHMS; Dapingzhang (2g/t Au), Nam Rin (Ba-Au, Thailand), Tasek Chini (Malaysia) • Triassic Indosinian orogeny in the “Slate Belt”  Orogenic gold, e.g. Modi Taung, Shwegyin alluvials, Russell Island etc.; high grade, low tonnage • Cretaceous collision and deformation in the Central Myanmar Arc  Orogenic gold, Kyaukpazat, Legyin etc. – extensive narrow-vein gold systems; high grade, low tonnage Modi Taung Chatree Kyaukpazat Mae Chan Dapingzhang Nam Rin Russell Island
14. Gold Potential • Palaeogene volcanic centres along the Central Myanmar Arc  Epithermal gold  Kachin segment; Setgadone etc. • Neogene extensional magmatism along the Sagaing Fault zone  Epithermal and sediment-hosted gold e.g. Kyaukpahto (>6Mt at 3g/t), Gegalaw • Neogene transcurrent faulting and magmatism in the Mogok metamorphic belt (Shan scarps)  Mesothermal gold, IRG/skarn? – Kwinthonze, Tayetkhone, Kyaikto  Epithermal potential – Tengchong- type young volcanic centres? Kyaukpahto Tengchong Setgadone Monywa Kyaikto Kwinthonze Thayetkhone
15. Copper Potential • Cambro-Ordovician volcanic centres  Bawdwin polymetallic VHMS • Permo-Triassic arc and back-arc volcanism in the Sukothai and Changning-Menglian belts – VHMS; in China  Dapingzhang (c. 63 Mt at 0.8% Cu)  Yagra (c. 1 Mt cont. Cu) • Triassic fore-arc – Lemyethna Cu-Au Bawdwin Dapingzhang Phu Kham Phu Thep Laocang Dongchuan Dahongshan Yagra Xuejiping Lemyethna Nam Rin
16. Copper Potential • Palaeogene sub-aerial volcanic centres along the Central Myanmar Arc  Monywa high-sulphidation epithermal copper deposit (early Miocene); c. 1.88 Bt at 0.37% Cu, Letpadaung, Sabetaung, and Kysintaung deposits  Shangalon Cu-Au porphyry (Oligocene) • Kachin Arc segment; correlated with Gangdese arc in Tibet  Jiama (Tibet; 1.17 Bt at 0.41% Cu, 0.04% Mo, 0.1g/t Au) • Mogok Belt Neogene transcurrent faulting and magmatism  Minor skarn copper-polymetallic mineralisation Shangalon Kachin Arc Monywa Jiama
17. Zn-Pb-Ag Potential • Cambro-Ordovician rhyolitic volcanic centres on the western margins of the Shan-Thai block - VHMS  Bawdwin (“silver pit”) polymetallic VHMS(?); 1938 reserve 10.8 Mt at 22.8% Pb, 13.9% Zn, 1.05% Cu and 670 g/t Ag – biggest global producer of Pb and Ag before WW2  Large lower-grade ‘halo’ resource reported by Mandalay Mining in 1997 • Potential outside the Bawdwin volcanic centre; unrecognised volcanic centres? • Vein-hosted deposits in Precambrian and Cambrian clastics  Yadanatheingyi etc. Bawdwin Yadanatheingyi
18. Zn-Pb-Ag Potential • Early Ordovician carbonate-hosted Pb-Zn-Ag-Ba deposits over 1000 km of strike from Kanchanaburi to western Yunnan (Baoshan) • Broadly “Irish-type” in a back-arc setting? • Bawsaing district – extensive old barite, lead and zinc mines • Shan State; Lufang etc.? • Thailand - Kanchanaburi; Song Toh, Bo Yai global resources >8 Mt at c. 7% Pb, 3% Zn and 100g/t Ag • Thailand - Li; Phu Mai Tong barite mine, Mae Chong Zn-Pb-Ag-Ba deposit • Yunnan; Shizishan, Menxing, Dongshan etc. Bawdwin Long Keng Bawsaing Kanchanaburi Li Mengxing Lufang Yadanatheingyi
19. Zn-Pb-Ag Potential • Permo-Triassic back-arc volcanism in eastern Shan State; polymetallic VHMS in Sukothai and Changning- Menglian belts  Laocang, Yunnan, c. 20 Mt at 4.3% Zn, 6.6% Pb, 151 g/t Ag and 0.11% Cu) • Indosinian Triassic MVT?  Long Keng oxide Zn deposit c. 0.2 Mt at 35% Zn • Cretaceous MVT in Thailand  Padaeng (Mae Sod) oxide Zn deposit c. 1.7 Mt contained Zn Dapingzhang Long Keng Padaeng Laocang Daliangzi Huize Yagra Jinding Mawki Lufang Nam Rin
20. Sn-W Potential • SE Asian Tin Belt (c. 2800 km) total estimated production c. 9.6 Mt of tin, or 54% of the world's tin production • Most Sn-W in Myanmar is from Late Cretaceous Western Province granite- related mineralisation in Tanintharyi • Most Sn production from Mio-Pliocene alluvial and eluvial palaeo-placers, e.g. Heinda and offshore dredging • Lesser production from modern placers • Relatively minor primary production from Sn-W greisen and vein deposits, e.g. Hermingyi, Kanbauk • Tungsten-rich deposits on the eastern side of the belt; e.g. Mawchi, Mae Lama (Thailand) • Unrealised primary potential – greisen and skarn? Pyinmana Tengchong Mawchi Hermingyi Ban Phontiou Mae Lama Doi Mok Geijiu Khao Soon Dulong Phuket Heinda Myeik Nui Phao
21. Ni, Cr, PGM Potential • Extensive ophiolite belts related to Indian collision event; mostly steeply dipping and dismembered ultramafics  Tagaung Taung lateritic nickel deposit; c. 40 Mt at 2% Ni  Mwetaung lateritic nickel deposit; c. 36 Mt at 1.5% Ni  Relatively small and moderate grade deposits, mainly saprolite; high capital and power costs • Widespread small chromite deposits and occurrences • Alluvial PGM’s recorded at Indawgyi, Hukawng valley • Jadeite at Hpakant has provided one of Myanmar’s most valuable mineral exports Mwetaung Kachin Ophiolite Belt Indo-Burman Ophiolite Belt Song Da Rift Ban Phuc Tagaung Taung Hpakant Panxi Rift
22. Bulk Commodities Iron-ore • No significant deposits known • Potential for skarn magnetite exists in arc belts and associated with tin skarns • Enigmatic Pang Phet deposit with reported associated Cu and U; basement or Triassic hosted? Manganese • Eastern Shan state; volcanic or skarn- related? Bauxite • No significant reported occurrences Coal • Extensive low-grade sub-bituminous coal in western basin, Kalewa etc. • Small brown-coal deposits in fault basins on Shan plateau, e.g. Tigyit, Namma Tigyit coal deposit Coal in western basin Pang Pet Fe Mn & Fe production In E Shan Secondary Fe and Mn; Primary skarn?
23. Operating Framework • Common Law System • All minerals vested in the state; royalties are not fixed (precious metals 4-5%, base metals and ferrous metals 3-4%, negotiable) • 1994 Mining Law set the framework for individual contracts which included: • DGSE technical support at the exploration stage • Principal terms and conditions of production JV with one of the Mining Enterprises – equity participation with cost recovery • Prospecting, exploration and production periods (total up to 10 years) with expenditure commitments and progressive relinquishment • Investment Law sets framework for foreign investment; approval through Myanmar Investment Commission • Production Sharing Contracts, high level of ‘signature bonus’ and ‘dead rent’ and short licence terms a major disincentive to risk investment in exploration • Local support or participation essential in states and ethnic areas • Currently possible to acquire licences through local JV companies; no MIC licences have been issued • New Mining Law – when and what?? • How will foreign JV’s with non-state companies be accommodated?
24. Data & Services • Improved UTM topographic map coverage at 1:50,000 from modern aerial photography • Geological mapping limited in extent and quality • Almost no useful exploration data such as geochemical datasets or airborne geophysics • Limited technical professional experience especially in younger generation • Low level in-country exploration services, drilling and geophysics; increased foreign involvement in service companies • Services and equipment can be imported • Local service scope and availability will quickly improve if foreign investment in exploration picks up Geosan LLC Mongolian geophysicists with CMC team, Sagaing Project, 2005 Suntac diamond drill-rig, Legyin, 2009
25. Logistics • Poor infrastructure, but reversal of long- term decline has begun, and challenges can be overcome • Unreliable power supply, but substantial energy resources and improving supply • Difficult communications, but improving rapidly especially mobile coverage and internet access • Security restrictions are much reduced, but still an issue in some areas
26. Opportunities and Challenges • High geological potential for a number of commodities/deposit types, notably  Epithermal and porphyry Cu-Au in arc belts  Volcanic- and sediment-hosted Zn-Pb-Ag massive sulphide  Sn-W greisen and skarn • Potential, especially for gold and copper, can be misunderstood, e.g. should not be compared directly with Indonesia • Improved geological and metallogenic understanding can be applied to support effective targeting models in ground selection and exploration • Paucity of detailed geology, maps or research, and limited understanding of several significant deposits and districts • Lack of past exploration implies opportunity for rapid discovery of outcropping orebodies using well-targeted basic techniques such as stream- sediment geochemistry and airborne geophysics • No data from past exploration to follow up or guide effective approaches • No regional-scale government geochemical or geophysical data • Artisanal gold operations provide a key targeting criterion in unexplored areas
27. Opportunities and Challenges • Improving political and investment environment • Limited understanding of the mining industry and incentivisation of exploration risk in bureaucracy and government • Bureaucracy supportive of mineral exploration investment • Mines Department is understaffed, under-resourced, and lacks experience in managing and regulating an active exploration and mining industry • 1994 Mining Law has provided the framework for exploration and development contracts providing a pathway to development with reasonable terms • Subsequent regulations are very unfavourable for exploration risk investment, e.g. PSC’s, high dead-rent, signature bonus, etc. • No ‘one-stop-shop’ – multiple departmental approvals required, central and regional and local government • New Investment Law favourable for foreign investment • TERMS OF THE NEW MINING LAW REMAIN UNCERTAIN BUT WILL BE CRITICAL IN DETERMINING THE FUTURE FOR MYANMAR’S MINING INDUSTRY • Role of states is a crucial uncertainty linked to substantive political issues • Environmental and community framework also remains poorly defined • EITI application is a positive indication of government intentions • Improved security situation and access in most peripheral regions • Problems and tensions remain in some areas
28. Opportunities and Challenges • Profusion of local businesses investing in mineral exploration as potential partners for foreign investors • Limited understanding of the exploration and mining business and a business environment and practices distorted by years of a military-controlled economy • Multiple stake-holders wanting a slice of the pie, especially in the ethnic regions • Unrealistic perceptions of value • Improving infrastructure and communications • Access in large parts of the country is slow and difficult • Unreliable power supply, but substantial energy resources and improving supply • Improved UTM topographic map coverage at 1:50,000 from modern aerial photography and availability of high resolution satellite imagery • Availability of geologists and workforce with a strong work ethic enthusiastic to learn and grasp opportunities; widespread use of English • Limited pool of commercially-focused technical experience, especially in mining • Service companies in country can provide support in geology and exploration, including limited geophysics and drilling • Service industry still at a low level, but ability to grow quickly
29. Flasback! PDAC Toronto March 2003 WHAT HAS CHANGED TEN YEARS LATER?
30. Flasback! PDAC Toronto March 2003 WHAT HAS CHANGED TEN YEARS LATER?
31. Opportunity for Myanmar – Closing Remarks • Myanmar has the geological potential to develop a significant mining industry • HIGH-RISK INVESTMENT IN EXPLORATION IS NEEDED IF MINING IS TO SERIOUSLY CONTRIBUTE TO THE SOCIO-ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT OF MYANMAR; THIS REQUIRES AN INVESTMENT REGIME THAT REWARDS RISK • An investment regime that encourages risk investment in exploration combined with effective social/environmental regulations will attract serious exploration and mining companies • Serious players may include large, mid-tier and well-managed technically- competent junior companies • Reputable companies will follow industry-standard best practice and understand the need to have a ‘social licence to operate’; this will deliver the best outcome in terms of economic return, social and environmental impact • JVs with local companies and use of local Myanmar service companies will help build a local responsible mining industry • Undiscovered and undeveloped mineral deposits are unrealised assets until they are developed and contribute to the economic and social development of the country • MINES WILL NOT BE DEVELOPED IF ECONOMICALLY UNREALISTIC PROCESSING AND REFINING REQUIREMENTS ARE DEMANDED

Myanmar's Mining Industry Dr. Neal Reynolds Director Exploration & Evaluation CSA Global Realities and Visions for the Future from MYO AUNG Myanmar

↧

Electricity to Transform Rural Myanmar

June 25, 2017, 10:40 pm

≫ Next: How to make XLB Shanghai Soup Dumplings !

≪ Previous: Investment Opportunities in Mining Sector in Myanmar

STORY HIGHLIGHTS

84% of households in rural Myanmar have no electricity connection, creating hardship, perpetuating poverty, and stalling development

The Government of Myanmar, with the help of the World Bank, has developed a National Electrification Plan that calls for universal electricity access by 2030, or 7.2 million new connections

The National Electrification Plan will get off the ground with $400 million in funds from the World Bank’s International Development Association, which is expected to bring electricity to over six million people by 2021 and mobilize further investments

Kyaw San, a high school student in Buu Tar Suu village in Myanmar’s Yangon Division, finds that studying at night can be a real challenge. It gets especially difficult during the rainy season when the old solar-powered lamps he relies on cannot be charged, forcing him to study by dim candlelight.

Win Win Nwe, a grade 5 student, faces a similar situation when she studies for exams. “If the battery is charged I have light, otherwise I must work by candlelight.” Her family can’t always afford to buy candles, adding a layer of difficulty to an activity many take for granted.

Such stories are common all over Myanmar. In a country with tremendous natural riches, only 30% of the population is connected to the electricity grid. Average annual per capita electricity consumption is 160 kilowatt-hours, one-twentieth the world average. In the countryside, the situation is even worse. As of 2014, only 16% of rural households had a connection.

The lack of electricity means that people live without light, or the basic household appliances that other people use on a daily basis. Small businesses are unable to get off the ground, and outside investments that could create jobs are unlikely in the absence of a reliable power supply. Markets cannot operate at night, and clinics cannot refrigerate medicines.

In 2014, the World Bank helped the Government of Myanmar develop a comprehensive and ambitious National Electrification Plan with support from the Bank’s Energy Sector Management Assistance Program (ESMAP). The plan’s goal is to bring electricity to everyone in Myanmar by the year 2030. This means 7.2 million new household connections over the next 15 years, requiring a doubling of the current rate of grid extension and a total of $6 billion in investments. For a country like Myanmar that is just re-emerging from economic isolation, this is a huge undertaking.

The plan calls for a phased approach: 50% access by 2020, 75% by 2025, and universal access by 2030. This will be achieved through a two-pronged approach: rapid extension of the national grid, coupled with off-grid electricity, including modern solar home systems and mini-grids, to rural and remote communities that would otherwise have to wait years for a grid connection. The first phase of the plan calls for 1.7 million households to be connected to electricity by 2020 and an investment of approximately $700 million.

The first steps to turn the plan into reality have now been taken. On September 16, 2015, the Bank approved a $400 million International Development Association (IDA) credit to Myanmar for both grid extension and off-grid electrification. Support from the Bank’s Asia Sustainable and Alternative Energy Program (ASTAE) helped prepare the investment operation. With the IDA funds, 750,000 households will be connected to the grid by 2021 and off-grid electricity will be extended to another 500,000 households.

In addition, 23,000 new “community” connections for clinics, schools and religious buildings will be created, and over 150,000 public lights will be put up. The credit will also fund technical assistance to build capacity among local staff to implement the plan, improve policies and regulation around electricity and renewable energy, and develop a framework to plan out future electrification and monitor results.

The plan will align technical and financial support from development partners, central and local government agencies, and the private sector toward a common goal. One year after the plan was prepared, approximately $550 million from development partners has been confirmed or is under preparation, including this World Bank credit. At the same time the government demonstrated its commitment to the plan by establishing a National Electrification Executive Committee, with co-secretariats responsible for electrification planning, investment, and donor coordination.

As the plan is rolled out, the electricity it will bring has the potential to transform life in rural Myanmar. Students will be able to study in the evening, local clinics can provide better services, shops can stay open late, and new local industries and enterprises will have a chance to thrive.

“If we can have electricity here it would be great for us,” says Kyi Htwe, another resident of Buu Tar Suu village. “I want to see my village to have lights like the other villages. Also for my country—I would like to see lights everywhere in the country, even the remote places.”

Ref:http://www.worldbank.org/en/news/feature/2015/09/16/electricity-to-transform-rural-myanmar

↧

How to make XLB Shanghai Soup Dumplings !

June 29, 2017, 10:44 am

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≪ Previous: Electricity to Transform Rural Myanmar

How to make XLB Shanghai Soup Dumplings | BeatTheBush

XLB short for Xiao Long Bao are Soup Dumplings that originated from Shanghai. They have a pork based filling with a flour outer layer that wraps in the soup. You bite it open to reveal the soup where you can then slurp up the savory juices. It's just delicious!

Here, I show you how to make the filing, the jelly filling that converts into the soup, the wrapper, how to wrap it, and also the dipping sauces. Wow! Lots of stuff here. I almost died making these since it was so much work.

The following is the recipe I used along with some suggestions if you are going to take a stab at this:

Dough:

2 cups flour

a dash of salt

2/3 cup water (start with 1/2 cup beat for a good 3 minutes between each addition of a tablespoon of water to make sure you do not add too much water. You have enough water when the dough just starts to stick together and not crumble off)

Jelly Filling:

1/4 lb Pork Skin (use 1/2 pound instead)

1 tbsp xiao-shing rice wine

1 tspn of fish sauce

4-6 piece slices of ginger

2 stalks of green onion cut to 1 inch lenght

Boil for 1.5 hours, Remove Ginger

Blend the solids and add back into the soup.

Refridgerate the soup for 2-3 hours or until solidified.

Filling:

1 lb ground pork

2 tspn light soy sauce

1 tspn seasame oil

2 tbspn green onion minced

1 portabello mushroom (recommend 2 large ones or about 1/2 lb)

1/2 cup water

Make 4" circles as thin as you can with the dough. Mix the filling and jelly filling together and put 1 tbspn in the middle of the wrapper. Wrap as in the video.

Plate for steaming:

Plate with the leafy parts of the napa cabbage

You should use your bamboo steamer if you have one.

Steam them seperated about 1" from each other and on top of the leaves. Steam for 8 minutes.

Sauce:

Shred of ginger

1 tbspn dark soy sauce

2 tbspn vinegar

1 tbspn water .

Support more videos like this along with getting a bunch of perks here: http://www.patreon.com/BeatTheBush

....

Xiao Long Bao Recipe - How To Make Soup Dumplings!

Xiao Long Bao is Shanghai's most famous style of soup dumplings. Learn how to make this delicious recipe!

**INGREDIENTS**

**FOR THE JELLY:**

- 400 g of pork skin [400克猪皮]

- a bunch of spring onion [1小把香葱]

- Some slices of ginger [几片姜片]

- 1 tbsp of Chinese cooking wine [1汤匙料酒]

- 2 tsp of sugar [2茶匙白糖]

- 1 tsp of white pepper [1茶匙白胡椒粉]

- 1 tsp of salt or to taste [1茶匙盐]

**FOR THE FILLING:**

- 200 g ground pork [200克猪肉馅]

- 1/4 cup of green part of spring onion [1/4杯葱]

- 1/4 cup of minced carrot [1/4杯胡萝卜末]

- 1/4 cup of minced cabbage [1/4杯白菜碎]

- 1 tsp of dark soy sauce [1茶匙老抽]

- 1 tsp of white sugar [1茶匙白糖]

- 1 tsp of sesame oil 1茶匙芝麻油[]

- 1/2 tsp of salt or to taste [1/2茶匙盐]

**Sauce:**

- 1/8 cup of white part of spring onion [1/ 8杯葱白]

- 4 slices of ginger [4片姜]

- 3 tbsp of water [3汤匙水]

**FOR THE WRAPS:**

- 1/2 tsp of salt [1/2茶匙盐]

- 200 g high protein flour [200克高筋粉]

- 100ml warm water [100毫升水]

**FOR THE DIPPING SAUCE:**

- some shredded fresh ginger [适量姜丝]

- 1 tablespoons of white vinegar [1汤匙白醋]

- 1 teaspoon of soy sauce [1茶匙生抽]

**MAKING THE JELLY **

- Blanch the skin for 5 minutes to remove the bad smell.

- Clean it and remove the fat because you don’t want your soup to be too oily.

- Cut it into thin strips.

- Prepare a pot of water (1.8 L of water). Put in your pork skin. Bring it to a boil and then down to low heat. Stew it for 1 hour.

- After 1 hour, add a bunch of spring onion, some slices of ginger, a tbsp of Chinese cooking wine, 2 tsp of sugar, a tsp of white pepper, and a tsb of salt. Keep stewing on low heat for another hour.

- Strain the broth into a container. After stewing, you should have about 400 ml broth left. Put it in the fridge for at least 6 hours. Skin has a lot collagen, which dissolves in the water during stewing. When the temperature goes down, it turns into a jelly.

- Carefully mince the jelly. Make sure there are not big chunks.

- Set it aside.

**MAKING THE FILLING**

You can do this while the jelly is being formed in the fridge.

- Use some white part of the spring onion and ginger to make a sauce. Blend them with 3 tablespoons of water. Strain it.

- Pour the sauce into the ground pork.

- Add white sugar,dark soy sauce, sesame oil, and 1/2 teaspoon of salt.

- Stir it until the pork absorbs all the sauce. Add the vegetables into the meat. And Combine them. You can switch it with other vegetables like water chestnut or radish.

- Last step is to mix it with the minced jelly.

**MAKE THE DUMPLING WRAPS**

- you need about 200 g of high protein flour.

- Add a 1/2 teaspoon of salt and mix it well.

- Pour warm water in 3 parts.and mix the flour

- Knead the dough until smooth.

- Cover it and let it sit for 30 minutes.

- Knead the dough again for 5-10 minutes, to squeeze the air out.

- Cover it; let it sit for another 30 minutes.

- Cut the dough in half. Roll and Pull it into a long even strip.

- Cut it into small pieces. Turn it after every cut to get even pieces. Each one should be about 12 grams.

- Sprinkle some flour in case they stick to each other.

- Flatten them with your hand.

- Roll it into a small round wrapper with thick middle and thin edge. The size should be about 8-10cm long across.

**CLOSE THE DUMPLINGS**

This is the most important step to make them look great.

- Take a wrap and put enough meat so it’s almost full. I put a little bit more than a tbsp.

- Lift one part of the edge and pinch it to make a pleat. Continue all the way around.

- At the end, pinch it together to close the dumpling.

Normally, each dumpling should have 10-12 pleats in total. Don’t worry too much about this your first time- it will take some practice to make it look perfect.

**STEAM**

(YOU SHOULD DO THIS AS SOON AS POSSIBLE AFTER CLOSING THE DUMPLINGS)

- Put parchment paper in the steamer

- Leave some space between the xiao long bao,

- Bring the water to a boil, then put the steamer in and let it steam it for 5 minutes on high heat.

**DIPPING SAUCE**

- Some shredded fresh ginger

- 1 tablespoons of white vinegar

- 1 teaspoon of soy sauce

Hope you enjoy! If you have any questions, just post a comment.

...and if you've read this far, might as well subscribe. More recipes coming soon =)

↧

The Orion Code – Is This Binary System Scam or Not?

June 30, 2017, 6:58 am

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≪ Previous: How to make XLB Shanghai Soup Dumplings !

Wife Eearns $1,343,468 Working From Home, And Hides It From Her Husband For 3 Years

Singapore Citizens Are Using This to Make $350/day On Average And Quitting Their Jobs! news

30/6/2017

Imagine hiding a $1,313,468 secret from your spouse for over 3 years. Could you do it? Michelle Tan, a Singapore mother of 2, risked her marriage and her family to hide a shocking secret from her husband of 13 years.

Lee and Michelle Tan, residents of the Bedok neighborhood of Singapore, married in 2004 after years of dating. Lee worked as a software engineer in the city and Michelle took a job as a secretary at a local clinic. After their first child, Rachel, was born in 2008, they decided that Michelle would quit her job to stay home with their children.

The economy was hit hard during the financial crisis of 2008. Thankfully, Lee did not lose his job, but he had to work more hours and take a heavy pay cut to help his company survive. “Lee was providing for our needs, but I noticed how tired he became. We tried to save all the money we could but it never seemed like enough” Michelle shared. “We really were not sure what was going to happen. The market did pick up, but it dropped again. And by that point, I was pregnant with Alex, so we just prayed for the best.”

Soon after Alex was born, Michelle was browsing Facebook one afternoon and saw an advertisement saying she could earn $1,000 per day from home. Curious, she clicked on it and did some research. “It had some excellent reviews from a lot of users so I felt safer signing up for the system. It is not like those ‘get rich quick’ scams where you have to sell things to make a living. If I did have to sell things I would not have signed up” Michelle shared.

Using the internet to work from home has become one of the largest worldwide trends and has recently exploded in Singapore. Orion Code is an instruction system that teaches you to use internet sites like Google, Walmart, Amazon, Apple and so many others to make money online. All you have to do is fill out a short form online to get access to the system.

“I was nervous about starting the system. I did not want him to feel as though he was not providing for our family.”

“I was nervous about starting the system. I do not know the computer very well, but they teach you how to do everything you need to know. I really only knew how to browse the internet, but that is all the computer skill I needed. I also did not want Lee to feel as though he was not providing for our family” Michelle shared.

After her first two weeks using the system, two checks arrived totaling $18,658.66. Michelle decided she needed a way to hide this money until she gained the courage to tell Lee about her new job. So, she secretly opened a bank account without her husband’s knowledge. She chose to have the checks deposited directly into that account each week.

And just like that life went on as normal for 3 years. Lee would go to work while Michelle worked on the Tesler system at home. She did not touch the money in the secret account. “It was very hard for me to keep such a big secret from my husband. I felt like I was betraying him, but I feared telling him more. Looking back on it, it was foolish of me to keep it from him” Michelle said.

Courtesy of Michelle Tan:

"I got paid a great deal of money just to work from home each day...and I get paid every Tuesday morning... I make around £39,000 a month right now. I receive the cash directly in my bank account by direct deposit but they offered cheque or Paypal too"

I started using the Orion Code and before I knew it I had made a massive sum totalling $371,777. "Its pretty simple it's not like I'm a genius I just found the best opportunity and jumped right in." Michelle added.

Michelle Tan admits after winning big online with The Orion Code he got a little carried away with his spenidng and a little boastful about his purchases blowing over $20,000 on goods at Louis Vuitton

While one of Orion Code biggest money makers Michelle Tan certainly isn't the only one to cash out recent weeks. Since the promotion started hunsdreds of poeple have become millionaires.

What you need: Only a computer, smartphone, or tablet with internet access.You don't need any special skills other than knowing how to use a computer and browsing the internet. Another perk of this program is you get to choose your own hours. You can work completely on your own schedule- whether that's 5 hours a week or 50 hours a week. Absolutely no selling or telemarketing involved!

Our reporter Oliver Chloe couldn’t help it and also tried her hand with this software but sadly only walked away with a $685 profit – "you can't always be as big as Michelle sadly"

Watch the video below to get started:

Ref:http://cnn-moneynews.com/Wife-Hides-A-Shocking-Secret-From-Her-Husband/?country=Singapore&region=Central+Singapore+Community+Development+Council&city=Singapore&cid=10086&oid=2099&key1=22-sgwife&campaign_id=23842668019790097&adset_id=23842668020330097&adset_name=9+-+50-60%2C+Desktop+Feed&ad_id=%7B%7Bad.id%7D%7D&ad_name=Ad+17&placement=Desktop+Feed&age=50-60&gender=-&interest=-&sxid=60c8zfjrg0av

.......................................................................................................................................

Orion Code

Official Site

Overview

The Orion Code – Is This Binary System Scam or Not?

Check This 100% Unbiased OrionCode System Review

Traders’ Feedback + Binary Experts’ Honest Opinion –

Who is Edward Robinson & How to Profit? – See Below!

Read Full Review

Details

Broker	Orion Code
Official Website URL	www.TheOrionCode.com
Support Types	Live Chat, E-mail
Payout	85%
Open FREE Demo	Open FREE Demo
Deposit & Withdrawal Methods	VISA, Mater Card, Maestro, OK Pay, Neteller
Number of Assets	60+
Overall Score	9.0/10

Full Review

A brand new binary options system, released under the name of Orion Code, was released onto the market in the preceding weeks. Its creator – Edward Robinson is a prominent investor and financier who user to work for a high frequency trading firm on the New York Stock Exchange.

The automated investment software has been the subject of many appraising reviews on the Internet and even though it still fresh, users have been generally satisfied with the way it is operating. The first version was released in 2006 and has since generated above $1 billion to its customers.

Review Verdict: OrionCode is NOT a Scam

Visit OrionCode Official Website

The present update is v. 8 and is widely regarded as the prime so far. Orion Code leverages on the advantage of executing the required calculations faster than other binary auto-trading systems and thus being able to place accurate predictions on assets’ movements faster than them.

The following review is founded on in-depth investigations into Orion Code System and inspects all of its unique characteristics. Read more if you want to learn more about it.

How to Operate with Orion Code?

It is actually quite hassle-free to get started with this particular binary options software as it has the capacity to do everything instead of the trader. Users do not have to be in possession of particular investment knowledge of skills in order to sign up and begin profiting. Of course, if they are seasoned financiers who have preferred strategies and methods, they can make best use of the Orion Code manual mode.

However, the binary automated robot functions equally well on its own. User testimonials go to prove that people have been having no particular problem in accumulating anywhere between an estimated $1,000 and $10,000 per day.

No Download Required

The investment process is not hindered by any downloading of unnecessary software or updates. Orion Code System is entirely browser-based and creator Edward Robinson has made completely sure that traders can rely on it. This is one of the things which make the binary options robot so smooth to operate with.

How to Get Started with OrionCode System?

Investing with this particular binary options system is not about having extensive market knowledge. It is rather about OrionCode Software’s very own capacity to place just the right trades prompter and quicker than other robots.

Since it has a proven success rate of above 95%, there have been a lot of users piling up to sign up with the automated trading robot. However, free registration is available to 20 lucky people who first manage to take advantage of the exquisite offer. The top7binaryrobots.com mentions that “it provides web-based users with a smooth and hassle-free investment experience in which very little is actually required from them”.

Otherwise, the steps for getting started with OrionCode System are only a few and the following:

Sign Up Free
Place Initial Deposit
Invest & Profit

What is the Orion Code Cost?

As already mentioned, the first 20 people who are fast enough to take full advantage of the opportunity to sign up with the binary options software for free, are not subject to any kind of monetary fee. Anyone who wishes to do so must hurry up in order to secure his spot.

There is a required minimum initial deposit of $250 which is used for investment purposes only and users can withdraw it at any given moment. It is used solely for the purpose of funding one’s trading account with Orion Code.

Expected Returns

Orion Code System by Edward Robinson has excellent return on investment rates. The average user can expect a solid 85% payout even in a worst case scenario. The binary options system has a variety of different trading features which counter the effects of losing investments. This is a proven way to keep customers satisfied as well as secure and ensure their earnings and private funds.

Is Orion Code Legit or a Dubious Scam?

Our exclusive research into Orion Code Software has come up with mainly positive facts about the software. Unlike many binary scam systems that circulate around the Internet, creator Edward Robinson is an actual person. There have been articles and publications about him in numerous prominent magazines such as Wall Street Journal and Times.

Review Verdict: OrionCode is NOT a Scam

Visit OrionCode Official Website

In fact, he was once nicknamed The Wall Street Wizard for his work in a high frequency trading company. Tired of the low paycheck and long hours which left Edward Robinson little quality time to spend with his family, he decided to take the software he had designed along with a team of expert programmer according to the infamous NQS technology and start up his own company – Orion Inc.

The rest, as a popular saying goes, is history. The binary automated robot is regarded as one of the top in the online investment industry. Not only this, but users have been content with the way it works and its proven to be authentic and genuine 95% success rate.

All in all, we consider Orion Code System to be a legit and reliable opportunity for users to amplify their digital income with little effort.

Interesting Fact:
The name of the binary options system actually refers to both the constellation and the mythical character from Ancient Greek mythology. Orion was the blind huntsman always searching for the sun.

Customer Support Service

Orion Code Software provides Internet traders with the one-of-a-kind possibility to be catered for around the clock. The customer support team of the binary options system is reportedly very friendly and quick to respond. It operates 24/7, so it does not matter which time zone are users from, and can be reached via telephone, Skype, live chat or email.

User Testimonial:
“This is one of the best binary options trading systems I have ever tested. I did not know a single thing about online investments until I got started with Orion Code. I put on fully automated mode and was granted the amazing opportunity to learn more and basically do whatever I want while it generated me thousands in profits. Everyone should try to take advantage of it!”
Katie Rogers, Bristol, UK

Conclusion

Based on our in-depth inquiry into this binary automated software, we regard it as a safe and legit way to amplify one’s online earnings. Orion Code operates under some of the strictest and toughest personal data security measures and they are kept in separate servers in different countries. Creator Edward Robinson is an actual person which is a really good factor, and the system has an estimated average ROI of 85%.

Our final verdict would be that traders can proceed without further hesitation to open an account with Orion Code System. It is a legit and authentic way to achieve monetary success on the Internet.

15 Responses to “Orion Code Review”

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LAND

Land policy and administration

Land classifications

Land transfer and public land lease

Land dispute resolution

Agriculture and fishing

Crops and commodities

Natural disasters

Fishing and fisheries

Fishing, fisheries and aquaculture

Fishery Production

Export Market

Agriculture

Rice

Other crops

Agriculture’s place in a shifting economy

Labor laws

Child Labor

Health and safety

Wages

Migration

Illegal Labor

Human Trafficking

Child Labor

Commercial Sex Labor

Building Industrial Complex in Myanmar

Singapore banks to face massive crisis this year: Swiss billionaire

Open gallery

S'pore banking system resilient, banks have strong deposit base, are transparent about exposures

LOCAL GOVERNMENT AND NGOs IN MYANMAR

Relying on NGOs for Health Care in Myanmar

Charity and Buddhism in Myanmar

Doctors Without Borders Expelled from Myanmar

NGO and Charity Activism in Myanmar

Learning about Community-Based Activism in Myanmar

Bureaucracy in Myanmar

Bureaucracy in Myanmar’s New Capital

Civil Servants in Myanmar

Budget in Myanmar

Corruption in Myanmar

Myanmar Military and Business

Fighting Corruption in Myanmar

Cronies in Myanmar

Former Imprisoned Crony Still Looking for Ways to Make Money

Zaw Zaw: One of Myanmar’s Premier Cronies

Tay Za: Another One of Myanmar’s Premier Cronies

Cronies and Land Grabs in Myanmar

Cronies and U.S. Sanctions on Myanmar

Myanmar of Cronies Try to Improve Their Image

Aung San Suu Kyi and Myanmar’s Cronies

The Opportunities and Risks of Investing in Myanmar

The opportunities in Myanmar

1) Telecoms

2) Banking

3) Energy and Resources

4) Tourism

5) Market research

6) Major infrastructure

The risks of investing in Myanmar

1) Reliance on agriculture

2) Political risks

3) Cost of poor infrastructural support

Cash-based economy

Lack of skilled labor

Local partnerships

Trade between China and Myanmar's second-largest city is bustling as Myanmar opens up its economic potential

Market Analysis For Fast Food Chain Market in Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar and Vietnam

Overview of Asean's Energy Needs and Challenges

Oil and gas industry in Myanmar

History

Current status

Myanmar Oil & Gas Enterprise (MOGE)

Investment Opportunities in Mining Sector in Myanmar

Myanmar mineral-resources-presentation-2013

Myanmar's Mining Industry Dr. Neal Reynolds Director Exploration & Evaluation CSA Global Realities and Visions for the Future

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